تحلیل انتقادی ادله اثبات صورت نوعیه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مشائیان بجز ماده و صورت جسمیه، صورت نوعیه را نیز برای اجسام اثبات می کنند اما سهروردی با رد دلائلشان، وجود آن را نمی پذیرد، ملاصدرا به دفاع از مشاء پرداخته و اشکالات سهروردی را جواب می دهد. این مقاله، با تحلیل و نقد استدلالهای هر سه گروه به این نتیجه رسیده که دلائل مذکور برای اثبات صورت نوعیه کافی نیستند زیرا همه، برهان إنی هستند که نمی تواند ماهیت شئ را ثابت کند، همچنین دلیل اول و دوم مبتنی بر ترکیب جسم از ماده و صورت است که ترکیبی تحلیلی است نه خارجی و با کشفیات علوم طبیعی امروز نمی سازد و اقسام مذکور در آن، منحصر به اقسام مفروض در دو دلیل نیست. دلیل سوم براساس مشاهدات عرفی است که نمی توان آن را مبنای مسائل فلسفی قرار داد و از پیش وجود صورت را مفروص گرفته است. دلیل چهارم، گرفتار اشکال سهروردی است.A Critical Analysis of the Arguments for Specific Forms (al-Ṣuwar al-Nawʿiyya)
Introduction Muslim Peripatetic philosophers believe that physical objects are composites out of matter and form, holding that each natural kind involves a form other than the physical form, with which physical objects turn into various kinds, hence the label “specific [i.e. kind-related] form” (or form of species). Suhrawardī opposes Peripatetic philosopher on this matter, raising many objections against the view. Mullā Ṣadrā believes that Peripatetic philosophers are right, responding to Suhrawardī’s objections. In this article, we consider and criticize the arguments by Peripatetic philosophers, the objections by Suhrawardī, and Mullā Ṣadrā’s replies to the latter. We argue that although some of Suhrawardī’s objections do not work, attempts by Peripatetic philosophers and defenses by Mullā Ṣadrā do not suffice as proofs for the existence of specific forms. Research Background In his book, Ḥikmat Ishrāq (2017), Yazdanpanah formulates Suhrawardī’s critiques of the Peripatetic arguments for the existence of specific forms, supporting Mullā Ṣadrā’s replies to Suhrawardī. The article “Recognition of the concept of nature in Suhrawardī’s philosophy in light of criticizing the specific form” addresses why Suhrawardī rejects the existence of specific forms and what implications it has, but it does not grapple with the arguments themselves (Dibaji and Nasekhian 2020). Qavam Safari in his “Theory of form in Aristotle’s philosophy” (2015) and Ahmadi in his “Substantial form” (2003) study the form and its features and applications for Aristotle. Kompani Zare makes a short reference to Suhrawardī’s critiques of the Peripatetic account of specific forms in his “A brief survey of Suhrawardī’s natural science” (2015). Arguments for the Existence of Specific Forms First argument: physical objects have various effects. For instance, water has effects and features different from those of the air. The source of those effects cannot be the physical form shared by all physical objects. Moreover, it cannot be the hyle, which is pure potentiality and is thus the same in all physical objects. There should therefore be another source in physical objects, which is the cause of those effects, and that is the specific form. Second argument: In each kind of physical object, there is an entity over and above the hyle (or matter) and physical form, which is exclusive to and inseparable from that kind. That entity is either an accident or a substance. The first horn is false because this entity constitutes matter, which is a substance, while an accident cannot constitute substance. This constitutive component of matter is a specific form. For just as matter is not void of physicality, it cannot be imagined without being exclusively attached to a kind of physical object. Third argument: when a form changes, the physical object’s quiddity changes too. So, a form is not an accident in that a thing’s quiddity does not vary with the change of its accidents. The thing with the change of which the quiddity (our answer to the question of what it is in its substance) changes is a substance, rather than an accident. Otherwise, a substance would consist of accidents. Fourth argument: specific forms are parts of specific substances. The part of substance is a substance. For instance, the quiddity of fire is not exhausted by its physicality, but consists of a physical object and an entity with which the nature of fire comes to be. Critique and Analysis of the Arguments An objection against all the arguments for specific forms is that they all are quiatic proofs (al-burhān al-innī), which are not characteristically certainty-conferring. This is because form the existence of an effect, one can know about the existence of its cause, but one cannot thereby know its nature. We cannot thus say with certainty that the cause of various effects issued from physical objects is their specific forms. The cause might be something else, whose nature is totally obscure to us. The obj
تبلیغات
