رابطه ساختاری ابراز هیجان در خانواده، پذیرش روانشناختی و احساس حقارت با امید به زندگی در نوجوانان خانواده های کم درآمد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی رابطه ساختاری بین ابراز هیجان، پذیرش روان شناختی، احساس حقارت و امید به زندگی در نوجوانان خانواده های کم درآمد بود. مطالعه حاضر یک پژوهش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود که با روش تحلیل معادلات ساختاری انجام شد. نمونه شامل 280 نفر از دانش آموزان دوره متوسطه 18-12 ساله خانواده های کم درآمد تحت پوشش بهزیستی کمیته امداد شهرستان زارچ، استان یزد، در سال 1398 بود که به شیوه نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار های پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه های امید به زندگی، پذیرش و عمل، احساس حقارت و ابراز هیجان در خانواده بودند. نتایج نشان داد ابراز هیجان نامطلوب در خانواده بر پذیرش روان شناختی نوجوانان تأثیر منفی معنی داری داشت، پذیرش روان شناختی نیز بر امید به زندگی تأثیر مثبت معنی دار داشت. ضریب مسیر غیرمستقیم نیز نشان داد ابراز هیجان نامطلوب در خانواده از طریق کاهش پذیرش روان شناختی می تواند تأثیر منفی بر امید به زندگی نوجوانان خانواده های کم درآمد داشته باشد. پذیرش روان شناختی نیز از طریق تأثیر بر احساس حقارت بر امید به زندگی نوجوانان خانواده های کم درآمد تأثیر غیرمستقیم داشت. پذیرش روان شناختی در ارتباط بین ابراز هیجان در خانواده و امید به زندگی نقش میانجی معنی داری داشت. این یافته ها نشان می دهد که اگر ابراز هیجان در خانواده به درستی انجام شود، پذیرش روان شناختی و افزایش امید به زندگی و کاهش احساس حقارت در نوجوانان خانواده های کم درآمد را در پی دارد.Relationship of Expressing Emotion in the Family, Psychological Acceptance and Feelings of Inferiority with Hope in Adolescents from Low-Income Families
The present study aimed to investigate the structural relationship between expressing emotion, psychological acceptance, feelings of inferiority and hope in adolescents from low-income families. The study was a descriptive correlational study using structural equation analysis. A total of 280 high school students of 12-18 years old from low-income families, supported by the welfare of the relief committee of Zarch, Iran in 2019, were selected via the available sampling method. The measures included hope inventory, acceptance and action questionnaire, feelings of inferiority and expressing emotion in the family scale. The results showed that expressing negative emotions in the family had a significant negative effect on adolescents' psychological acceptance and psychological acceptance had a significant positive effect on hope. Indirect path analyses also indicated that expressing negative emotions in the family by reducing psychological acceptance could have a negative effect on hope in adolescents of low-income families. Moreover, psychological acceptance had an indirect effect on the hope of adolescents from low-income families. Also, psychological acceptance played a significant mediating role in the relationship between expressing emotion in the family and hope. These findings show that if there is appropriate emotional expression in the family, it can lead to psychological acceptance, increase hope, and can reduce feelings of inferiority in adolescents of low-income families. Introduction Hope is an essential component of life, which means believing there is a better feeling in the future. Psychological hope was first proposed by Snyder (2002). According to Snyder, hope has two characteristics: having valuable personal goals, and perceiving the ability to make strategies in pursuit of goals. People with a high level of hope, successfully pursue their goals and consequently experience more positive emotions. However, people with a low level of hope have difficulty to overcoming obstacles for achieving their goals, and consequently, experience more negative emotions. Expression of negative emotions and negative emotional atmosphere in low-income families may lead to some problems. Expressing emotions includes positive emotions such as intimacy and positive communication, and negative emotions such as critical opinions, hostility, and overly emotional conflict. Children from low-income families do not have enough opportunities to interact emotionally with family members. This is because they play extra roles such as work and participate in family income, and may have low emotional development (Mazza, et al., 2017). Another factor that can be caused by the expression of negative emotions in the family and lead to a decrease in hope among adolescents of low-income families is the psychological acceptance of poverty. Psychological acceptance refers to the desire to experience psychological events (thoughts, feelings, and memories) without avoiding them and allowing them to effect on behaviors (Delprato, 2001). The adolescents from low-income families face many problems that they are unable to change, and they can avoid its negative effects when they accept these problems (Ng et al., 2017). Another factor that seems to be associated with hope in adolescents from low-income families is their sense of inferiority toward their living conditions. Feelings of inferiority include deep, unrealistic, and persistent beliefs about low psychological and physical abilities that lead to devaluation in individuals. Adolescents from low-income families may constantly compare themselves to their peers, and poverty may cause them to feel inferior. Therefore, it can be said that poverty can increase feeling of inferiority and lead to frustration in adolescents from low-income families. As mentioned, family emotional expression, psychological acceptance of poverty, and feelings of inferiority can affect hope in adolescents from low-income families. Nevertheless, expressing emotion in the family and psychological acceptance and feelings of inferiority also seem to be interrelated. If emotions are adequately expressed in the family and there is a good family atmosphere, the adolescent will accept family poverty and feel less inferior. Therefore, the present study investigates the relationship between emotional expression in the family, psychological acceptance, feelings of inferiority and hope in adolescents from low-income families. Method The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all high school students age ranged 12-18 from low-income families who were supported by the Welfare and Relief Committee of Zarch, Iran in 2019. The sample included 301 adolescents who were selected by the available sampling method. By removing incomplete questionnaires, the data of 280 participants could be analyzed. Snyder's 12-item hope scale was used to measure hope, the second version of the Acceptance and Practice Questionnaire was used to assess psychological acceptance. Also, Gilbert’s Feeling of Inferiority Questionnaire was used to assess inferiority and Wiedemann’s Emotion Expression Questionnaire was used to assess the emotional expression in the family. The validity and reliability of all questionnaires have been confirmed in various studies. Pearson correlation and structural equation analysis via version 21 of SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 111 participants were male (39.6%) and 167 were female (59.6%). Also, two participants did not answer to the gender question. The mean and standard deviation of adolescents age were 16.55 and 0.85, respectively. A total of 163 adolescents were studying in the 10th grade (58.2%), 82 in the 11th grade (29.3%) and 35 in the 12th grade (12.5%). The average number of children in the family was 3.34 and the standard deviation was 1.25. The mean and standard deviation of point average in adolescents were 17.56 and 1.04, respectively. The results of path analysis showed the path coefficient of negative emotional expression in the family to psychological acceptance was negative and significant ( β = -.44, p <.01). Psychological acceptance also had a negative path coefficient to the feelings of inferiority (β= -.25, p <.01) and a positive path coefficient to hope ( β = .38, p <.01). The direct coefficient of feeling of inferiority to hope was also negative and significant ( β = -.12, p <.05). In the structural equations analysis, the findings showed that all the fit indices were favorable and the model had the necessary fitness. The fit indices showed that the chi-square was not significant ( 2 =2.54, p >.05) and all the fit indices of the model had reached the desired criterion for fitness. Goodness of Fit Index (GFI=.995), Normal Fit Index (NFI= .994), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI= .996) were above .90, which are considered desirable for model fit. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was also.03, which is considered desirable (lower than .08 is acceptable). In order to investigate the indirect coefficients, the bootstrap sampling method was used. Findings showed that all three indirect coefficients were significant. Expressing emotion in the family by affecting psychological acceptance had an indirect significant effect on hope ( β = -0.177) and feelings of inferiority ( β =.111). Psychological acceptance also had an indirect effect on hope in adolescents of low-income families via he mediation of the feeling of inferiority ( β =.031, p <0.05). Conclusion This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family expression of emotion, psychological acceptance, feelings of inferiority and hope in adolescents of low-income families. The findings of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between psychological acceptance and hope through the mediation of feelings of inferiority. This finding is consistent with Javanbakht and Monshi (2016). In explaining these relationships, it can be stated that low scores of psychological acceptance are associated with high scores of feelings of inferiority. In addition, high scores of feelings of inferiority are associated with low scores of hope. On the other word, adolescents with low psychological acceptance have low self-esteem, and therefore experience greater feelings of inferiority (Simons et.al, 2017). Because a high level of inferiority feelings creates helplessness and reduces mental capability and motivation, it also has a negative effect on hope (Rajeshwari, 2012). In other words, psychological acceptance encourages adolescents to pursue values and commit to action based on values, while providing a suitable environment for accepting emotions, avoiding inappropriate struggle and trying to control and eliminate negative emotions and experiences. Finally, psychological acceptance reduces the feeling of inferiority and increases hope in adolescents. Ethical Consideration Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: All ethical issues like informed consent and confidentiality of participants’ identifications were compiled based on ethical committee of Ardakan University. Voluntary and confidentiality of participants' identity were respected. Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed to the study. The first author written the first draft of the manuscript. The second author edited the manuscript and contributed to the conception and design of the study. The third author advised result sections. The fourth author contributed to final approval of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest for this study. Funding: This study was conducted with no financial support. Acknowledgment: The authors thank all participants in the study.
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