Environmental impacts

In recent years, off-road (4×4) tourism has become one of the most popular forms of nature-based recreation in the forests of Gilan. The combination of forest trails, pristine landscapes, and the thrill of driving through rugged terrain has attracted many visitors to the region. However, the unbalanced development of this tourism activity has led to significant environmental and social challenges. This study aims to examine the environmental and social impacts of off-road tourism in Gilan’s Forest ecosystems and to propose practical strategies for the sustainable management of such activities. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and data were collected through field observations, interviews with local communities, and a review of environmental reports. The findings reveal that off-road driving causes soil erosion, vegetation destruction, noise pollution, and a decline in wildlife population within the forests. From a social perspective, the growing influx of off-road tourists has altered local lifestyles, created cultural conflicts, and reduced community satisfaction with tourism activities. To mitigate these challenges, it is recommended that designated routes be established for off-road vehicles, environmental monitoring systems be strengthened, and educational programs be provided to raise awareness among visitors and local residents. Furthermore, the development of alternative forms of tourism—such as ecotourism and nature-based cycling—can help preserve the environment while fostering positive engagement between tourists and local communities.