Insecure attachment

Purpose: The significance of marriage and the anticipation of it in impacting individuals' lives and the quality of relationships is indisputable. Various factors, including attachment styles and personality traits, shape one's view of marriage. This study aims to examine how pessimism about marriage serves as a mediator in the connection between insecure attachment and the age at which young people marry after experiencing divorce. Methods and Materials: This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design and utilized the cross-sectional research method and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population for this study comprised all young males and females in Tehran, specifically between July and November of 2023. A sample of 252 young individuals with divorced parents was selected using purposive sampling. The instruments used to assess the variables included the Revised Adult Attachment scale (RAAS) by Collins (1996) and the optimism questionnaire developed by Shier and Carver (1985). The data collected from the study were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and SmartPLS version 4 software. Statistical significance was determined at the 0.05 level. Findings: According to the research findings, having pessimism about marriage has a significant impact on delaying the marriage age of young individuals (β=0.318, p<0.001). Similarly, having an avoidant attachment style also co

Objective: The aim of this study was to predict and explain happiness and hope for the future based on parental attachment styles among female university students. Methods and Materials: This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical and correlational design with a predictive approach. The statistical population included all female students of the Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, during the academic year 2022–2023. A total of 274 students were selected using stratified and purposive sampling methods based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Snyder’s Hope Scale, and Hazan and Shaver’s Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire. After obtaining informed consent, the data were analyzed through Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and path analysis using SPSS and AMOS software. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Findings: The results showed that secure attachment style significantly and positively predicted both happiness (β = .38, p < .01; R² = .24) and hope for the future (β = .44, p < .01; R² = .31). Avoidant attachment style was a significant negative predictor of happiness (β = –.29, p < .01) and had a weaker, yet still significant, inverse relationship with hope for the future (β = –.11, p < .01). Ambivalent attachment style negatively and significantly predicted both happiness (β = –.17, p < .01) and hope for the future (β = –.30, p < .01). All regression models met the assumptions of normality, linearity, and independence of residuals. Conclusion: The findings suggest that parental attachment styles, particularly secure attachment, play a meaningful role in promoting positive psychological outcomes such as happiness and hope in emerging adults. Insecure attachment styles, including avoidant and ambivalent, are associated with diminished emotional well-being.