Quantum physics

The principle of causality is one of the most fundamental principles that has been discovered in the history of philosophy and science. Several foundations revolve around this concept. The importance of this principle in classical physics lies in giving physicists the ability to predict phenomena. Furthermore, due to causality is recognized as a fundamental principle in classical physics. With the introduction of the principle of uncertainty, the principle of causality is empirically called into question. Because the claim of the principle of uncertainty in quantum mechanics is that the relationships between fundamental particles are not causally related to each other, and even the behavior of an electron or a subatomic particle is not based on the principle of causality. If we want to identify the speed of particles, we will not be able to identify their state, and if we want to determine their state, we will not be able to identify their speed. The best way to resolve this conflict is to bring the discussion into philosophy, which is exactly what has been done in Islamic philosophy. The concept of causality in Western philosophy seems to be based on Newtonian concepts. But what has been stated in Islamic philosophy is based on metaphysical concepts, and therefore the principle of uncertainty cannot contradict the concept of causality in Islamic philosophy, especially what has been discussed in the philosophy of Avicenna and Allameh Tabataba'i.

This paper focuses on absolute spontaneity, first postulated by Immanuel Kant. In the early twentieth century spontaneity entered the domain of quantum physics when Niels Bohr included it as part of his quantum postulate. Later on, David Bohm developed the concept of a quantum potential in his description and interpretation of quantum physics, a concept that can also be understood in terms of spontaneity. A discussion of Kant’s influence on the interpretation of quantum physics is followed by a consideration of the inclusion of spontaneity in Niels Bohr’s epistemological approach to quantum mechanics and David Bohm’s quantum potential as part of his ontological approach to quantum physics. Kant’s influence on both Bohr and Bohm is examined as well as the applicability of his critical metaphysics to quantum theory. Critical metaphysics read together with Bohr and Bohm’s interpretations of quantum physics is then utilized to make some proposals with regard to the problems plaguing our best theories of physics.