Safavids

Jungs are manuscripts or collections of documents that contain a selection of historical, literary, religious, and scientific documents and texts. Ahmad Gholam’s Jung is from the second half of the Safavid period, especially from the late Safavid period (simultaneous with the Afghan invasion) and contains documents from this period and earlier periods. Its structural features consist of physical and formal dimensions such as the components used, the way letters are written and arranged, and their explanation.The achievement of the present article expresses the importance of historical values of the mentioned manuscript from a structural point of view. The research method used in this research is formal analysis with a phenomenological approach (analysis and empirical analysis and direct with a critical approach) and with reference to the present manuscript.

This study introduces a collection of manuscripts of Münşeʾât ve Baʿżî Vaḳâyiʿ-i Sulṭân Süleymân Ḫân that are preserved in the Austrian National Library with the signature of H.O. 50. This research aims to shed light on the history of Ottoman-Safavid relations through their direct correspondence. Furthermore, it checks the accuracy of the printed version of documents Mecmûʿa-i Münşeʾât üs-Selâṭîn (Istanbul, 1858), which are a major source of the two medieval empire of Iran and Turkey, as modifications have already been demonstrated by distinguished scholars such as Kurt Holter. The results of this study show that the aforementioned manuscripts contain 75 documents, including letters and campaign diaries. A total of 32 letters and one campaign diary are related to the relations during Ottoman ruler, Suleiman I and Ismail I and Tahmasp I of the Safavid Empire. In addition, correspondence of these two empires from Münşeʾât ve Baʿżî Vaḳâyiʿ-i Sulṭân Süleymân Ḫân can be found in Mecmûʿa-i Münşeʾât üs-Selâṭîn (Istanbul,1858).

The Safavid era in Iran coincides with the growth of international trade relations and interaction with European East India companies. The Safavid kings wanted to establish relations with the East India Company, especially the Dutch East India Company, for various reasons. The Dutch were able to surpass their European counterparts in their dealings with the Safavid government by using economic, commercial and sometimes political initiatives, and what kept the Dutch ahead of their other European rivals was the commercial approach of the Dutch ambassadors and political representatives in their dealings with Iranian representatives and officials, the Dutch ambassadors and political representatives tried to spend on commercial activities and the opening of trade House in the ports of the Persian Gulf, so that they could monopolize the trade of the East. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to study the role of the ambassadors of Iran and the Netherlands in the formation and consistency of political-economic relations between the two countries. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that the expansion of Iran's foreign relations with the Dutch government during the reign of Shah Abbas and the gradual access of the political representatives of this government to Iran, led to the prosperity of Iran's foreign trade. Iran's geographical position, was a suitable arena in which ambassadors and businessmen of different countries could pursue their trade goals in the shortest time and at the lowest cost.