Victimization

The present study aims to investigate speech acts in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d'Urbervilles based on John Austin’s theory. In the present research, the researcher attempts to investigate female characters’ speech acts in the selected novel at three levels of locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act. Austin theories have been published in the book titled How to Do Things with Words which introduces speech acts. The philosophers believes that language is used to display the world. In other words, it shows what exists and what does not exist. The same mechanism can be traced and studied in Tess’s speech acts. It might be claimed that for Tess, the language is not the means of transferring meanings. It is a tool through which their psyche, identity, and the course of their life can be constructed. Using linguistic theories in analyzing the selected work can both depict new aspects of the novel and give insights to the linguists. It can be concluded that the speech acts are the reason why Tess fails in the society and have tragic destiny and the link between the characters’ language and psyche would be detected.

Becoming a victim of crime is a major concern for citizens of any society. Fear of crime is a real, logical or illogical concern that arises from the inference that a person is at risk of being victimized. The Purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of victimization on fear of crime, relying on Routine activities and lifestyle theories. The research method is a survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of all students studying at the University of Mazandaran in 1403-1404, of which a total of 400 students were selected using a stratified sampling method.The description of the dependent variable shows that 30.3% of respondents experienced fear of crime at a low level, 57.5% at a medium level, and 12.3% at a high level. This rate was higher among girls than among boys. The results of the study show that of all the variables included in the regression model, the intensity of attachment to deviant friends and social ties had a significant effect on student victimization. The variable of intensity of attachment to deviant friends had a positive relationship and social connection had a negative relationship with victimization. The variable of intensity of attachment to deviant friends was also the most important explanatory variable of victimization. In addition, the variable of victimization as a mediating variable had a significant effect on perceived fear of crime.Students who are most concerned about the risk of being a victim of crime are the ones who fear crime the most. The fear of crime, the symbol or symbol of being a victim, is criminal, so that payment and abundance of victims become crimes, the intense feeling of fear of crime leads to crime. explained. However, fear of crime varies between individuals, depending on factors such as the individual's status, type, and environment, as well as important social and psychological factors.