spatial distribution

Purpose- Rural-Local Marketing is a significant knowledge that has been associated with agricultural marketing, so the purpose of this concept is to separate the marketing of agricultural products and its lexical depth with a concept beyond the value chain in agriculture. Therefore, the event of rural-local marketing is not involved in production and supply and seeks to discover the dominant spatial patterns on distribution of rural products. Design/Method/Approach- According to this approach, 230 scientific sources (as a sample society) have been examined from the English language sources continuously and focusing on rural-local marketing. From the evaluation of the obtained research sources, a description of the literature in the field of rural-local marketing was presented, and then the communication between rural settlements among these societies with the suburbs and the center with the periphery was explored. Among the set of sources, 22 scientific concepts with the highest frequency were obtained, which were extracted and categorized by the statistical method of confirmatory factor analysis, including: rural marketing, local marketing, spatial model, network model, and integration. In the next steps, the content of all 230 scientific sources was measured with five factors, which tells the distribution learner of time periods and their spatial distribution. Findings- In abstracting the extracted concepts from the research, the details of ten-year and annual time periods, their spatial distribution on the scale of continents and countries have been dealt with in detail and can be identified by drawing the indicator spectrum on the world map, then the mentioned concepts which extracted from scientific sources were criticized and interpreted. In this regard, the leading countries in the field of rural-local marketing include India, the United States, England, and China, and in the next stage, Iran. One of the emphasis of this common study was the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC).

Considering special geographical location of Dargaz Plain in Razavi Khorasan province, identifying the cultural evolution there during the Parthian period can answer many questions about this relatively unknown historical era of Iran. Besides, it can help us better understand the origin of the Parthian culture in Northeast Iran. This research was carried out in the form of a reconsideration project during the field studies of Dargaz Plain. In this regard, Dargaz Plain was surveyed during one season, and as a result, 84 sites belonging to the Parthian period were identified. The main purpose of the research was to study the distribution patterns of Parthian settlements and their spatial relations with each other based on environmental variables. The most important environmental indicators in explaining the settlement patterns were analyzed via attributes such as altitude, water resources, slope, communication routes, vegetation, and land use, as well as the characteristics of the sites, including size and chronology using the geographic information system (GIS) and the cluster analysis method. The results indicate that during the Parthian period, the area witnessed an increasing growth in the nomadic population compared to permanent settlements, and in general three settlement patterns were identified: small and large villages, an urban center, and nomadic and seasonal settlements.