Stagflation

Given the effects of inflation on the decline of household welfare and its impact on production and investment, identifying the factors affecting it in order to adjust inflation and achieve price stability is necessary. Therefore, using the TVP-FAVAR model, which differentiates the fluctuations in factors affecting inflation, we try to identify the effects of different shocks such as liquidity, oil revenues, spot market exchange rates, economic growth, interest rates on bank facilities, budget deficits, inflation uncertainty and unemployment on inflation in Iran. In this study, seasonal data from 1370 to 1394 are used. The results, based on the TVP-FAVAR model, reflect the fact that all variables affecting inflation have a positive effect on this variable. Due to the negative effect of changes in economic growth on inflation rate, especially from 1388 to 1394, the existence of stagflation is confirmed. The shock caused by changes in oil revenues is also an important factor in creating inflation in the economy.

This paper investigates the responses of Iran’s macroeconomic variables to the oil embargo against Iran. The article applies a Bayesian time-varying parameter SVAR model along the quarterly data of oil export, real exchange rate, inflation, real GDP and money supply of Iran over the period of 1991:Q2-2020:Q2. Applying time varying parameters in this study helps us to consider the economic structural changes and transition mechanism in analyzing the response of macroeconomic variables to oil embargo. The oil embargo against Iran has been intensified since 2012. To consider the effect of the oil embargo on Iranian macro variables, the model has been estimated in two different periods of time, before and after 2012. The results indicate that the escalation of the oil embargo from 2012 has caused a stagflation period and ends in a decline in real GDP and national currency depreciation. In addition, it has intensified money supply and triggers existing inflation. These results have some policy implications to overcome difficulties raises when the economy faces sanction.