Social Consequences

Individuals are controlled by tests in every advanced society when they want to be admitted in educational courses, to proceed from one stage to the next, or to be given a certificate (Shohamy, 2001b). Accordingly, the present study was carried out to construct and validate educational, social, and psychological consequences questionnaires of English Language Proficiency (EPT) as a high-stakes test in Iran. To achieve the goals, after initial piloting of the item pool, a total number of 252 non-English PhD students completed the final researcher-made questionnaires developed using a comprehensive review of the related literature, experts’ opinions, documents, and interviews. A number of statistical procedures were taken to validate the current questionnaires including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA was utilized to determine the underlying factors of the scale that affect the variables in a data structure without setting any predefined structure to the outcome and to verify the number of factors; subsequently, these results were confirmed in the CFA phase. Ultimately, the results were discussed and implications of the questionnaires were presented as follows.

Introduction: The management of organized crime means the management of organizing, improving and organizing, in order to improve the situation and conditions of dangerous situations of committing crimes. Organized crime management in the country's criminal policy, as one of the pre-emptive strategies in committing crimes, along with other strategic models of crime reduction, can play a role and have favorable consequences. Therefore, the present research has investigated the desirable consequences of organized crime management at the social and moral level. Material and Methods: The present thesis is descriptive-analytical and analyzed the topic by reviewing the sources and articles related to organized crime that were published in Science Direct, PubMed, Magiran, civilica and Irandoc. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the management of organized crime at the social level by affecting the preconditions of committing a crime has a significant effect on reducing the desire and motivation of criminals to commit a crime, controlling and preventing the skills and tools necessary to commit a crime and confronting it. Preventing the emergence of a suitable situation will be a crime. Also, the management of organized crime brings a reduction in criminal cases by correcting delinquent behaviors and preventing crime. Also, on the moral level, by reducing crimes and anomalies, it leads to preventing the violation of citizen's rights, preserving people's privacy, and establishing and maintaining security. Also, the rule of law and rule of law is obtained by establishing the management of organized crime for the correct implementation of the law, because the way of abnormality and disorder and breaking the law is closed and the field becomes narrow for the lawbreakers.