Social Consequences

Individuals are controlled by tests in every advanced society when they want to be admitted in educational courses, to proceed from one stage to the next, or to be given a certificate (Shohamy, 2001b). Accordingly, the present study was carried out to construct and validate educational, social, and psychological consequences questionnaires of English Language Proficiency (EPT) as a high-stakes test in Iran. To achieve the goals, after initial piloting of the item pool, a total number of 252 non-English PhD students completed the final researcher-made questionnaires developed using a comprehensive review of the related literature, experts’ opinions, documents, and interviews. A number of statistical procedures were taken to validate the current questionnaires including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA was utilized to determine the underlying factors of the scale that affect the variables in a data structure without setting any predefined structure to the outcome and to verify the number of factors; subsequently, these results were confirmed in the CFA phase. Ultimately, the results were discussed and implications of the questionnaires were presented as follows.

Introduction: The management of organized crime means the management of organizing, improving and organizing, in order to improve the situation and conditions of dangerous situations of committing crimes. Organized crime management in the country's criminal policy, as one of the pre-emptive strategies in committing crimes, along with other strategic models of crime reduction, can play a role and have favorable consequences. Therefore, the present research has investigated the desirable consequences of organized crime management at the social and moral level. Material and Methods: The present thesis is descriptive-analytical and analyzed the topic by reviewing the sources and articles related to organized crime that were published in Science Direct, PubMed, Magiran, civilica and Irandoc. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the management of organized crime at the social level by affecting the preconditions of committing a crime has a significant effect on reducing the desire and motivation of criminals to commit a crime, controlling and preventing the skills and tools necessary to commit a crime and confronting it. Preventing the emergence of a suitable situation will be a crime. Also, the management of organized crime brings a reduction in criminal cases by correcting delinquent behaviors and preventing crime. Also, on the moral level, by reducing crimes and anomalies, it leads to preventing the violation of citizen's rights, preserving people's privacy, and establishing and maintaining security. Also, the rule of law and rule of law is obtained by establishing the management of organized crime for the correct implementation of the law, because the way of abnormality and disorder and breaking the law is closed and the field becomes narrow for the lawbreakers.

Objective:  This research aimed to study mothers' lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The research methodology was qualitative, and the research type was phenomenological. The statistical population of the study consisted of mothers with student children who had high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress based on the DASS-24 questionnaire due to the experience of the coronavirus pandemic in 2021 The sampling method was purposeful and continued until theoretical saturation was reached (30 people). Collaizi's seven-step analysis method was applied to analyze the interviews. The gathering and analysis of the data were handled simultaneously. Results:  1177 codes were extracted and eventually categorized into 6 components. The findings indicate that we can study mothers' lived experiences during the spread of COVID-19 from six perspectives: constructive lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, emergence, and development of psychological issues, social issues, educational and cultural issues, family issues, and physical and systemic issues. Conclusion: The findings of the current research showed that the widespread of the COVID-19 disease had created problems in the different fields of life from the mothers' point of view, But the spread of this disease has provided them with positive experiences such as self-improvement and personal growth.