Tax policy

Expanding use of renewable energies (RE) around the world is a critical mission to reach to global environmental policies. Largest share of global energy mix relates to deployable and carbon-intensive fossil fuels. So, it is necessary to create proper incentives for investors to invest in RE in order to move toward low carbon economy. In this regard, one of the implemented policies is imposing tax on using deployable energies which includes tax on both energy consumption and motor vehicle transportation. This paper investigates impact of environmental tax policy on investors’ behavior for 13 leading selected developed and developing countries during the period 2004-2016. Based on economic theory, investment, particularly in capital-intensive energy industries would have a long gestation period. To capture this feature and evaluate dynamic relations of investments in RE, a partial-adjustment dynamic model is applied and estimated using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method. The results show that imposing tax on fossil fuel energy consumption and transportation systems, in particular that use fossil fuels, has a significant negative and positive impact on investing in RE, respectively. Also, empirical results demonstrate that there is a significant negative relation between interest rate (IR) and Investments in Renewable Energies (IRE).

Two policies of carbon tax are considered by many countries for reduce carbon emissions. First policy emphasized on tax and second policy notice subsidy for carbon emission control. The results show that according to conditions, two policies can effective on reducing carbon emissions and technology development. A carbon tax Policy is needed to reduce carbon emissions in logistics systems. The purpose of this paper is to present effect of carbon tax policies for logistics in Iran pulp and paper industry. The research method is descriptive and data collection is survey, Samples consists two groups. The first group are experts for proposing possible Policy and deter-mining evaluation indices and selecting the appropriate Policy. The second group are managers in pulp and paper company for choose an appropriate Policy. Effect of factors on carbon tax was determined by experts’ interviews and fuzzy mean. Two suitable policies that covers the fossil fuels, were selected for simulation by VENSIM software. We considered 10 years for test and 10 years for simulation. Results showed both policies affect pollution reduction, reducing the fossil fuels consumption, reduction of emissions and increase innovation in the logistics system. The second policy that is carrying out carbon tax is more effective than the first policy which paying subsidies to reduce emissions.