hedge

Metadiscourse is a set of linguistic ties used to communicate attitudes and denote the grammatical attributes of a text. The present study was conducted to inspect using hedging, boostering, and self-mentioning metadiscourse markers in the well-known Persian and English psychology books. Based on the chosen corpora of the study, this inquiry purposed to realize what the general preferences are in the use of hedging, boostering, and self-mentioning metadiscourse markers in Persian and English psychology books. The corpora of four psychology books, two by Persian- speaking psychologists and two by English-speaking psychologists, were chosen and analyzed based on Hyland’s (2005) model of metadiscourse. The data obtained and collected from the chosen corpora were analyzed by Ant Conc 3. 5 . 7 and SPSS statistical software. By analyzing the corpora of the study quantitatively, it is resulted that Persian-speaking psychologists used more metadiscourse markers than that of English-speaking psychologists in their books. Secondly, it is detected that Persian-speaking psychologists used fewer hedging metadiscourse markers in their books than that of their English-speaking counterparts. Thirdly, it is found that Persian-speaking psychologists used more boostering metadiscourse markers in their books than that of their English-speaking counterparts. Next, it is realized that Persian-speaking psychologists used more singular first-person self-mentioning metadiscourse markers in their books; however, their English-speaking counterparts used more plural third-person self-mentioning metadiscourse markers in their books. In addition, textual analysis has shown the difference of Persian and English sub-corpora in using hedging, boostering, and self-mentioning metadiscourse markers.

Although gold is no longer a central cornerstone of the international monetary and financial system, it still attracts considerable attention from researchers and investors. Nowadays, many investors manage their risk with valuable assets such as gold. This paper examines the dynamic relationships between gold and stock markets in the Tehran Stock Exchange. We have applied the Markov switching method to study the role of gold as a hedge or safe haven for the Tehran Stock Exchange risk from 1998 to 2018. The high dependence and low dependence regimes used in the Markov switching model are based on empirical results that show two regimes for all markets under investigation: a low volatility regime and a high volatility regime. The study's findings show that gold can act as a strong hedge and cannot act as a safe haven for risk of The Tehran stock exchange.

Hedging and boosting are significant communicative resources to construe and attain persuasion in different fields and particular genres of academic writing. Hedges allow the researcher to address possible problems, raise objections or anticipate opposition to the research claims while contributing something new to the ongoing dialogue in a research field. Boosters enormously help to achieve the essential writers’ need to convince their readership of the truth in their propositions. They are mainly used whenever writers consider it not too risky to include them in their propositions. This study aims to investigate the frequencies and functions of hedges and boosters in academic students' essays. To meet this end, 96 students' essays (a total of 269.428 words) were selected from the Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers (MICUSP), including English and Psychology disciplines. The corpus was analyzed based on Abdollahzadeh (2019)classification of hedges. The results showed that hedges and boosters were frequent enough to be considered in teaching writing, either reducing or increasing the force of written utterances. The results of this study could be used directly in the syllabus designed for academic essay writing.

This research sought to investigate the assumption that commodities operate as hedging and safe-haven for stocks -during various periods of stock market volatility. In this regard, market test regression models and daily data from 21/03/2009 to 19/03/2020 were used. The researcher was able to test both hypotheses of commodities as hedging and safe-haven simultaneously using these three models. According to the market test model results, "periods of relatively high and low volatility," gold coin futures contracts are viewed as a strong safe-haven for Changes in Tehran stock exchange returns, yet they lack the property of hedging. According to the results of the market test model “Low return periods," gold commodities and other petroleum products serve as safe-haven. Furthermore, “during times of crisis," commodities such as polymer, copper, and gold (cash and futures) had a consistent relationship with the stock market returns. They can be regarded as a strong safe haven for Changes in stock returns. Gold, in general, provided a safe-haven property for the stock index returns in all market test models, and it can serve as a stabilizing force for financial systems by reducing the casualties caused by extreme negative market shocks. The findings indicated that commodities can be used as risk management tools during economic and financial crises. Regarding hedging, the commodity market performed poorly compared to the stock market. Hedging does not always represent a safe haven for the stock market return, and vice versa.