Architecture and Urban Development (IJAUD)

Lately, a double skin façade (DSF) has been increasingly popular as an aesthetic and shading device. A façade with a secondary skin is employed in buildings to let natural light flow into the building without glare and heat. The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of secondary skin in buildings and to investigate the level of natural lighting in buildings that meets visual comfort standards according to the function of space in buildings. The object of this research is the Henricus Constant building of Soegijapranata Catholic University Semarang Indonesia. The research method used is descriptive quantitative. The authors assessed the level of natural lighting in the building by analyzing the results of field measurement data with luxmeter measuring devices and model simulations regarding natural shadows and lighting levels with Sketchup software and dialux. The results of this study suggest that secondary skins in the Henricus Constant building manage to create shade in the building’s interior, but the natural lighting level is only 30 lux, less than the standard lighting level of the classroom at 250 lux. Without the secondary skin, the average light intensity is 310 lux; thus, it causes glare and becomes visually uncomfortable.

Living space is a place of relaxation, and those with a sense of attachment to the environment are more satisfied with their living space. According to the literature, being in nature is very effective in creating positive emotions in people. In recent years, living in apartments has made people away from nature affecting their positive feelings about their living space. This study aimed to investigate to what extent and how direct relationship with nature affects dwellers’ place attachment in residential areas? The main research question is that what is the relationship between the direct contact with nature in residential areas and level of place attachment? The research method in this article is mixed. Considering the qualitative method, the basic concepts of the research are presented based on the analysis of the content in the environmental psychology and nature–human interactions; and then the criteria for creating a sense of place attachment in the residential areas are extracted. This can be used as a basis for developing a questionnaire. In the quantitative method, the effect of nature on place attachment is measured using a questionnaire. Based on the findings, it can be argued that green space can form stronger relationships between individuals and the environment. Finally, according to the results of this study and confirmed the significance of green space, designers need to consider more clearly the relevance of this important natural element in their future designs.

As s tudents spend one-third of their time at school, their health, comfort, and productivity are mos tly influenced by thermal condition and indoor air quality of classrooms. Regarding that manual window-opening is a common way for providing fresh air in classes and s tudents aren't allowed to change their uniform, position or control the windows during the lesson hours, providing thermal comfort in winters may cause a lack of fresh air and therefore, dissatisfaction. This article is trying to evaluate the indoor air quality, and thermal condition of the classrooms, in two typical classrooms for 15-16-year-old girls in Arak, Iran. The overall s tudy objective is to compare indoor microclimate measured parameters, with (1) s tudents' subjective judgment, collected through a ques tionnaire, and (2) s tandards and to inves tigate the effects of microclimate on the indoor environmental condition of classrooms. According to the results, the thermal sensation of the students depends on their clothing rate and their understanding of the thermal state. In contrast, their thermal satisfaction is affected by the amount of fresh air provided. In winter, because of closed windows, students are mostly dissatisfied with the air quality and, therefore, thermal comfort, while in spring that the indoor environmental conditions meet the standards; the students feel satisfied with the conditions. The results of this research show that the indoor environment of the classrooms is mainly influenced by internal loads; consequently, its thermal condition is not a defining parameter.

Architecture as a designerly way of thinking and knowing is to interact with its environment. The manuscript is to speculate “interactive form-generation” based on high-performance architecture theory, and discuss the precursors and the potentials. The research aims to explore and determine the roots, aspects of interactive architecture as a part of performance-based design in contemporary architecture. The research question opens a designerly perspective as an umbrella term that can include many streams of architectural paradigms. Emancipatory new-interpretivism is the research philosophy which is employed alongside deductive reasoning, logical argumentation research paradigm, descriptive research method and cross-sectional study. Based on methodology of the manuscript, the research is to addresses related phenomena, their relationship and interaction. The results of the research show that interactive architecture is an umbrella to address a wide-range of architectural emerging streams such as: 1- The evolutionary architectural trends include kinetics, responsive, smart, responsive and intelligent environment. 2- The emerging phenomena in the field such as leading sci-tech approach toward architectural design process including cybernetics, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN), and agent based modeling. The conclusion of the research indicates that the interactive architecture branched off from high-performance architecture theory. The conclusion emphasizes on: 1- Designerly flexibility: better space efficiency, flexibility, intelligence, and smartness; 2- Energy efficient form-generation: using less energy and offering more thermal-visual comfort; 3- Mathematical-algorithmic thinking: the integration of internet of things (IoT), robotics, and kinetics. 4- Futurism: a platform for outlining future architecture and architecture of the future.

In exploring the evolution of Iranian architecture from prototypes to the present day, Qajar architecture is an important part of Iranian architecture history. The importance of this era's architecture is because large changes in conceptual and physical context occurred slowly in Iranian architecture during this time. These changes, especially from the Nasserian period (the second Qajar era), have intensified and with the influence of Western architecture, Iranian architecture is gradually moving away from its traditional, rooted forms, manifestations and concepts, and blending European architectural patterns with Iranian models and styles to the extent that architecture progresses. These changes in Residential buildings (especially mansions) also appeared. Therefore, in this study, a comparison between the architecture of the residential buildings of the three periods of Qajar dynasties has been carried out to compare the changes of each period. The results showed that Qajar architecture has been influenced by western and European architecture from beginning to end.

Childhood is a very important age period and often has been overlooked. As unawareness that many behavioral traits affect experiences of the early years of our lives so the environment in action and learning during the operation, play a crucial role. When it comes to in public areas and keeping with their peers, children could learn many life circums tances, known as social behaviors. This s tudy aims to inves tigate the role of green space playgrounds in children's development. For this s tudy, six playgrounds in Shiraz have been considered. This s tudy is combinational and has used the library method for data collection, the indirect and field view. In the indirect method, 200 ques tionnaires were randomly dis tributed between parents and children 9 to 12 years in playgrounds, residential complexes, schools, parks. And then we try to analyze the data by using s tatis tical methods and the SPSS20 software. The results of this research showed that green space in the playground has a great effect on the growth and development of children, and this has led to the emotional-social and cognitive development of children.