رویکرد انسان شناختی ویلهلم اشمیت به دین (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این مقاله، به روش توصیفی و تحلیلی، به بررسی رویکرد دین شناختی ویلهلم اشمیت، زبان شناس، انسان شناس، قوم شناس، دین شناس تطبیقی و کشیش کاتولیک آلمانی، سده های نوزدهم و بیستم، و بنیانگذار مکتب «اشاعه گرایی» در مقابل «تطورگرایی» در آلمان می پردازد. اشمیت، نظریه «فرهنگ اصیل اولیه»، «دوایر فرهنگی» و بالاخره نظریه «توحید نخستین» را ارائه کرد. او در نظریات خود متأثر از آندریو لانگ بوده و «یگانه پرستی» را نخستین صورتِ دین ابتدایی در میان اقوام ابتدایی به شمار آورد، که در طی زمان، به دیگر صورت های ابتدایی دین «انحطاط» پیدا کرده است. وی با بهره گیری از شواهدِ قوم نگاری استخراج شده از برخی اقوام ابتدایی، نظریه تطور در مورد منشأ و پیدایش دین را زیر سوال برده و اظهار داشت که در باورهای این مردم، انگاره هایی از یک «موجود متعال»، «زندگی پس از مرگ»، «آفرینش» و همچنین مجموعه ای از باید و نبایدهای اخلاقی وجود دارد که در موارد زیادی در فرهنگ های پیشرفته بعدی نیز مشاهده می گردد. وی وحیانی بودن مفهوم موجود متعال را نیز باور دارد و در آثار خود علل افول نگرش توحیدی در اقوام ابتدایی و روی آوردن جوامع نخستین به شرک و چندخدایی را بررسی و ارائه می کند. نظریه او از سوی برخی از اندیشمندان، به این دلیل که متأثر از تفکر کلیسایی وی بوده است، مورد نقد قرار گرفت.Wilhelm Schmidt’s anthropological approach to the study of religion
This article, in a descriptive and analytical way, studies the scientific approach of Wilhelm Schmidt, linguist, anthropologist, ethnologist, comparative theologian and German Catholic priest, in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the founder of the "diffusionism" in Germany, against "evolutionism". Schmitt presented the theory of "Primitive Original Culture", "Cultural Circles" and finally the theory of "Primitive Monotheism". In his ideas, he was influenced by Andrew Lang and considered "monotheism" to be the first form of primitive religion among primitive peoples, which over time has "degenerated" into other primitive forms of religion. Using the ethnographic evidence extracted from some primitive peoples, he questioned the theory of evolution about the origin of religion and stated that in the beliefs of these people, there are ideas of a "Supreme being", "life after death", "creation" as well as a set of moral moral duties, which can be seen in many cases in later advanced cultures. He also believes in the revelation of the Supreme being. In his works, he examines and presents the causes of the decline of the monotheistic attitude in primitive peoples and the turning of early societies to polytheism. His theory was criticized by some thinkers because it was influenced by his church thinking. . Introduction Wilhelm Schmidt, a German linguist, anthropologist, ethnologist, and Catholic priest, was born in 1868 in the town of Hörde in Westphalia, a region in present-day northwestern Germany. In 1890, he entered the Societas Verbi Divini school near the Dutch-German border. Schmidt attended the school for nearly nine years, studying scholastic philosophy, linguistics, and especially biblical history. The school had a significant impact on Schmidt's scientific development. In addition to training Catholic missionaries, the school was also intended to provide a place for anthropological research, so that missionaries would "consider the scientific study of mankind as part of their missionary work." Anthropological research at the Societas Verbi Divini focused on linguistics, ethnology, and theology. He then disguised himself as a Catholic priest and began teaching at a missionary school. After a while at the University of Berlin, he studied Semitic languages at the Institute of Oriental Languages. After graduating from the Institute of Oriental Languages, he taught at the St. Gabriel missionary school near Vienna. Schmidt was a prolific, hard-working and tireless writer, with over 600 scientific works to his credit. In recognition of his scientific services, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Anthropological Society and, over the course of his scientific career, was awarded six honorary doctorates from various universities. Materials and Methods The main sources used in this study are his two important works, "The Origin of the Idea of God" and "The Origin and Development of Religion: Facts and Theories," which H. G. Rose translated from German into English and, as Schmidt reminds us in his preface, is a condensed version of the first twelve-volume book. Despite the importance of Schmitt's famous theory of "primitive monotheism" (Urmonotheismus), we do not have any Persian-language writings about his views on religion. Among the scientific works published abroad, Henryk Zimon wrote a thesis entitled "Schmitt's Theory of Primitive Monotheism in the Criticism of the Vienna School of Ethnology" (Wilhelma Schmidtta teoriamonoteizmu przywotnego ijej krytyka w wiedenskiejszkole etnologiczn) in Polish and published an excerpt from it in English, in which he examined the "Vienna School of Ethnology" and expressed the elements that distinguish this school from other schools of ethnology. Antonov Mikhaylovič (2018) also examined the reflection of Schmitt's theory among Russian religious scholars in an article titled "Reception of the Thoughts of Father Wilhelm Schmitt in Russia and in the Context of the History of Rus
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