پیامدهای اجتماعی و عمرانی و گسترش املاک خصوصی رضا شاه در کرمانشاهان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تصاحب زمین های کشاورزی و خلع ید مالکان طبقه حاکم توسط فرمانروایان جدید، به عنوان روشی نهادینه شده برای کسب قدرت و تضعیف خاندان های حکومتگر قبلی، پیشینه ای دراز در تاریخ ایران دارد و دوره پهلوی نیز از این رویه مستثنا نبود. رضا شاه مانند شاهان پیشین با دست اندازی بر زمین های مالکان قدیمی به شیوه های شبه قانونی و فراقانونی املاک گسترده ای در بیشتر ایالت های مهم کشاورزی ایران ازجمله مازندران و کرمانشاهان به دست آورد و به بزرگ ترین زمین دار ایران یا شاید خاورمیانه تبدیل شد. این نوع بزرگ مالکی در دوران گذار مدرن شدن ایران و تغییرات شتابان نهادی و صنعتی سازی کشور پیامدهای گوناگونی می توانست داشته باشد. این پژوهش با تمرکز بر املاک گسترده رضا شاه در ایالت کرمانشاه به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که شکل گیری املاک پهلوی در این ایالت چه پیامدهای اجتماعی به دنبال داشت و چه تغییری در عمران و نوسازی منطقه ایجاد کرد؟ در این مقاله که بیشترِ اتکای آن به اسناد آرشیوی است، کوشش شده تا با تحلیل گزارش های رسمی این دوره پیامدهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی گسترش املاک رضا شاه بر زارعان، مالکان و نوسازی منطقه بررسی شود. یافته های پژوهش نشان دهنده آن است که در بُعد اجتماعی هرچند گسترش این املاک به زیان مالکان قدیمی و تااندازه ای خود دولت بود؛ اما در برخی مناطق باعث بهبود وضعت زارعان و شکل گیری طبقه جدید کارگران صنعتی کارخانه ها شد و نیز بهبود نسبی در وضعیت بهداشتی و عمرانی منطقه پدید آمد. همچنین با گسترش سریع راه های ارتباطی پیوند میان شهر و روستا افزایش یافت و روستای کوچک هارون آباد به دلیل قرار گرفتن در مرکزیت اداره املاک شاهی، به یکی از شهرهای مهم استان تبدیل شد.Social and Developmental Consequences of Reza Shah’s Expansion of Private Estates in Kermanshah
The seizure of agricultural lands and the dispossession of ruling-class owners by new authorities has a long history in Iran, serving as an institutionalized method for gaining power and weakening previous dynasties. The Pahlavi period was no exception to this practice. Like his predecessors, Reza Shah acquired extensive estates across many significant agricultural provinces of Iran, including Mazandaran and Kermanshah, through both quasi-legal and extralegal means. He emerged as the largest landowner in Iran, and possibly the entire Middle East. This large-scale ownership had various consequences during Iran's transition to modernization, marked by rapid institutional changes and industrialization. This research focuses on Reza Shah’s extensive estates in Kermanshah province and seeks to answer the question: What social consequences did the formation of Pahlavi estates in this province have, and what changes did it bring about in the region's development and modernization? This study relies primarily on archival documents to examine the social and economic consequences of the expansion of Reza Shah’s estates on farmers, landowners, and the modernization of the region. Through data mining and analysis of official reports from this period, the findings indicate that while the expansion of these estates adversely affected old landowners, improved conditions for farmers in certain areas, and contributed to the emergence of a new class of industrial workers in factories. There was a relative improvement in health and development within the region. Additionally, the rapid expansion of communication routes enhanced the connection between urban and rural areas, leading to the transformation of the small village of Hārunābad into one of the province's key cities due to its central location in the royal estate administration. Keywords: Kermanshah Province, Major Landowners, Reza Shah, Landownership, Rural Development. Introduction Before the onset of industrialization in Iran in recent decades, landownership constituted a primary source of power, wealth, and social prestige. As a result, rulers and sovereigns exercised considerable authority over the appropriation, transfer, and gratuitous distribution of land. In practice, newly established rulers and their affiliates often moved swiftly to dispossess members of the former elite, confiscating their properties and estates. These lands were subsequently incorporated into what became known as the lands state or royal domains designated for bureaucratic functions or the personal use of the monarch. In addition to the shah, ministers, high-ranking state officials, and religious authorities frequently amassed substantial estates during their brief tenures of influence. Numerous episodes throughout Iranian history illustrate this pattern of rapid and large-scale land appropriation. While serving briefly as Minister of War, Reza Shah acquired vast tracts of land. Upon ascending the throne, he employed a combination of quasi-legal and extralegal mechanisms to seize large estates belonging to regional landowners in southern Kermanshah. He subsequently established a highly organized administrative apparatus to manage these holdings, staffed entirely by military personnel whose salaries and operational costs were covered by the state budget. By the end of Reza Shah’s reign, his estates in western Iran alone spanned a region approximately 240 kilometers long and 150 kilometers wide. This area encompassed the entirety of the Mahidasht, Shahabad, Gilan-e Gharb, Eivan, Shirvan, and Ilam regions. This study seeks to investigate the social consequences of Reza Shah’s land in Kermanshah. Through a comprehensive analysis of archival sources and a document-based methodology, the study addresses the following research question: What were the social and developmental implications of Reza Shah’s consolidation of private estates in the province of Kermanshah, and what were the long-term outcomes of this process? Materials and Methods This study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, with a temporal focus extending from the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty to the abdication of Reza Shah in 1941. The primary mode of data collection involves archival research, with emphasis on documents housed in the National Library and Archives of Iran. Supplementary sources, including periodicals and scholarly publications from the era, have also been consulted to ensure contextual breadth and historical accuracy. The analytical strategy is centered on the systematic organization and interpretation of archival evidence, allowing for a grounded evaluation of the socio-political transformations under study. Research Findings The findings of the study indicate that Reza Shah’s consolidation of large-scale private estates in the western provinces of Iran, irrespective of the legality or illegality of the land acquisitions, had far-reaching social and infrastructural consequences. The administration of these estates, heavily reliant on state apparatus and resources, initiated a series of development projects primarily aimed at enhancing private productivity. However, these projects inadvertently contributed to broader social transformations and institutional modernization. A notable example is the transformation of the village of “ Harunabad ”, which was renamed ‘ Shahabad’ and formally elevated to urban status to support estate administration. The establishment of modern institutions such as a governorate, police headquarters, educational offices, and a sugar factory facilitated the town’s rapid development, eventually positioning it as the second most populous urban center in the province after Kermanshah. In the agricultural domain, efforts were made to expand irrigation systems and bring rain-fed lands under cultivation. This included the construction of several dams and irrigation canals, which significantly improved agricultural output. While these interventions primarily served the Shah’s private interests, they transformed agrarian relations, altered the composition of the landowning elite, and reshaped rural livelihoods. Landowners aligned with the central government were rewarded with fertile estates, while dissenting elites often faced exile and property confiscation. Prior to these reforms, labor protections for agricultural workers were virtually nonexistent. During this period, however, modest welfare initiatives were introduced, such as the construction of estate housing for tenant farmers and laborers. Furthermore, the emergence of sugar and cotton-processing industries contributed to the formation of a new class of skilled industrial workers. The establishment of institutions such as hospitals and agricultural schools, initially aimed at supporting the economic viability of Reza Shah’s estates, had lasting effects on public health and education in the region. Discussion of Results and Conclusions This study set out to investigate the social and developmental consequences of Reza Shah’s private lands in Kermanshah province. Situated within the broader framework of state-building and modernization, it illustrates how the intersection of traditional political authority and emergent industrial rationality generated dialectical pressures that led to structural transformation. Drawing on rarely accessed archival documents, the research demonstrates that the rapid expansion of Reza Shah’s landholdings produced both immediate and long-term effects. In the short term, these included changes in agricultural production, labor relations, and the integration of agriculture with emerging industrial sectors. Over the long term, these developments facilitated the formation of new urban centers such as Ilam and Shahabad , the expansion of transportation infrastructure, and the establishment of new administrative institutions. Some of these projects, particularly in infrastructure development, served dual purposes: advancing Reza Shah’s personal interests while simultaneously aligning with the modern state’s objective of centralizing power in peripheral regions.
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