روزنامه اطلاعات و پوشش خبری رویدادهای اجتماعی زنان جهان در دوره پهلوی اول (1304-1320) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از سیاست های دوره حکومت پهلوی اول، تلاش برای تغییر موقعیت زنان ایران بود که برای تحقق آن، ابزارهای مختلفی به کار گرفته شد. روزنامه اطلاعات نیز که ازجمله روزنامه های دولتی دوره پهلوی اول بوده، یکی از ابزارهای حکومت برای پیشبرد سیاست های مدنظر آن به شمار می رفت. ازجمله راهکارهای این روزنامه در این راستا، درج مقالات درباره وضعیت اجتماعی زنان برخی ملل اسلامی و غیراسلامی جهان بود که دولت های آنان در مسیر تغییر موقعیت زنان گام برداشته بودند. با اعتقاد بر اینکه رسالت مطبوعات در هر جامعه حاصل نظام ارزشی حاکم و قدرت سیاسی مستقر در آن جامعه است و با پذیرش این موضوع که فرهنگ سیاسی حاکم بر ایران در دوره پهلوی اول نوعی فرهنگ سیاسی اقتدارگرا بوده است؛ چارچوب نظری پژوهش حاضر را بر پایه نظریه «رسانه در حکومت های اقتدارگرا» بنیان می نهیم. این مقاله درصدد است با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که روزنامه اطلاعات با چه اهدافی و چگونه اخبار مربوط به زنان دیگر کشورها را بازتاب می داد؟ یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که روزنامه اطلاعات برآمد جامعه ای در حال گذار است که در پی آگاهی بخشی به زنان ایران برای ایجاد تحرک در تحصیل حقوق اجتماعی همچون حق رأی، تحدید سن مناسب ازدواج دختران، آموزش، اشتغال زنان و جز آن بوده است. هدف از تأکید بر این مطالب، انتقال چنین مفاهیمی به زنان ایران و ترغیب آنان برای تلاش در دستیابی به آن ها بوده است. در کنار این ها تأکید بر وظایف سنتی زنان نیز کاملاً مشهود است.Newspaper of “Eṫṫelā'āt" and News Coverage of Social Events of Women around the World during the Period of Pahlavi I (1304-1320)
The government of Pahlavi I characterized by an authoritarian political culture sought to transform the status of Iranian women. Recognizing the significance of the media in authoritarian regimes, the press was employed as an effective tool to achieve this goal.
One such publication was “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper, which, in alignment with government policies, published articles on the social status of women in various Islamic and non-Islamic nations.
This study employed a descriptive-analytical method to address the following questions: What were the objectives of “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper and how did it portray news related to women in other countries?
The research findings indicated that “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper, while emphasizing traditional roles of women, aimed to inform Iranian women and stimulate movements advocating for social rights, including the right to vote, raising the legal marriage age, access to education, and women's employment opportunities.
Keywords : "Eṫṫelā'āt" Newspaper, Women, Social Status, Pahlavi I.
Introduction
Leveraging the authoritarian political culture, the Pahlavi government sought to consolidate its power through the governmentalization of journalism in Iran, utilizing publications that aligned with its socio-cultural policies. This approach aligned with the concept of "soft power" emphasizing the role of propaganda in shaping public opinion and promoting a particular lifestyle endorsed by the government.
The changing social status of women was a key focus of Pahlavi policies, making the media—specifically the press—an essential tool for altering societal attitudes. One of the most significant government publications of this period was “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper, which was continuously published under the management of Abbas Masoudi from July 1924 until the end of the era of Pahlavi I. This publication extensively covered the social conditions of women in various Islamic and non-Islamic countries.
While some researchers, such as Rahmati and Khanjari (2020), Saleh-Nejad (2019), Yousefifar and Jangjou (2019), and Savagheb et al. (2019), have explored various aspects of women’s issues in “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper, no independent study has specifically examined its coverage of women's social situations worldwide during the period of Reza Shah. This study aimed to address the question: What were the objectives and methods behind the coverage of women's social conditions in “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper during the era of Pahlavi I?
Materials & Methods
This study employed a descriptive-analytical approach rooted in historical methodology, allowing for a comprehensive examination of the subject matter. Initially, the necessary data were gathered by meticulously taking notes from various issues of “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper during the period of Reza Shah. This included both the content of articles and editorial stances, providing a broad understanding of the publication's focus. Additionally, documents available at the National Archives Center and other written sources from that era were consulted to enrich the data set and provide context. Subsequently, the collected data underwent rigorous analysis using causal and comparative methods. This involved assessing how the materials reflected the social context of Iranian society during the Pahlavi era, particularly regarding women's roles and rights. By comparing the newspaper's coverage of women's social activities in other countries with the domestic situation in Iran, the study aimed to uncover patterns, influences, and discrepancies. The primary objective was to examine why and how “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper reflected news related to women's social activities abroad. This analysis not only contributed to a deeper understanding of the newspaper's role in shaping public opinion, but also shed light on the broader implications for women's rights and societal changes in Iran during this transformative period. Through this approach, the study sought to highlight the interplay between media, societal attitudes, and the evolving status of women in Iranian society.
Research Findings
It is important to note that while “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper operated in alignment with Pahlavi cultural policy, it did not always reflect the government's intentions. Nonetheless, under the management of Abbas Masoudi, the publication sought to establish a new order in Iranian society, functioning as a media outlet within an authoritarian regime. One of its strategies for transforming the lives of Iranian women was to report on the experiences of women from around the world, particularly during a time when women globally were rising to advocate for their rights and address common needs.
From the perspective of cultural geography, the newspaper focused on various Islamic and non-Islamic countries where women were undergoing significant changes. The key issues highlighted in “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper included polygamy, the right to divorce, the question of the veil, girls' education and the limitation of marriage age, the right to vote and political activism, property rights, economic independence, and employment rights (particularly in non-Muslim nations). Additionally, the content of the articles indicated a clear intention to inform and encourage Iranian women to pursue similar legal rights. In this way, the newspaper aimed to transfer the activities and freedom-seeking movements of women from other nations to Iran, fostering the possibility of similar advancements within the country.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The research findings indicated that “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper reflected a society in transition, striving to raise awareness among Iranian women to foster movements for acquiring social rights, such as the right to vote, establishment of an appropriate marriage age for girls, access to education, and employment opportunities. The emphasis on these topics aimed to convey important concepts to Iranian women and encourage them to pursue these rights. Simultaneously, there was a clear focus on women's traditional roles. Thus, this publication embodied the dual policy of the government of Pahlavi I regarding women, i.e., presenting a two-pronged approach that highlighted the continuation of traditional roles while also challenging prevailing views in traditional Iranian society.
The emphasis on European women in “Eṫṫelā’āt” newspaper appeared to encourage Iranian women to view their personal, social, and cultural characteristics as potential role models. However, there was a noticeable lack of emphasis on political activism among Iranian women. It is important to note that the encouragement for Iranian women to align with women from other nations did not imply a disregard for native traditions. While promoting the emulation of women from other cultures, the publication consistently emphasized the importance of adhering to traditional women's duties.
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