شگردهای زیبایی شناسانه زبان در غزل های سعدی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل شگردهای زیبایی شناسانه و ویژگی های زبانی غزل های سعدی انجام شده است. غزل سعدی به عنوان زبان عشق، بیانگر پیوندی ناگسستنی میان عاشق و معشوق است و کلمات در آن هم نقش توصیفی و هم نقش نمادین و عاطفی دارند. زبان سعدی با بهره گیری از ظرفیت های استعاری، تمثیلی، ایهام و اشاره، امکان انتقال مفاهیم انتزاعی و عاطفی به مخاطب را فراهم می کند. در پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی و تکیه بر نظریه های نشانه شناسی، تحلیل زبان سعدی را بر اساس چهار محور اصلی: زبان اشارت و تمثیلی، زبان حس و دل، زبان ایهام و دلالت های چندگانه، و گزاره های حذف زبانی بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان داد که سعدی با استفاده از تمثیل و استعاره، مفاهیم عقلانی و عاطفی را به زبان محسوس نزدیک می کند و با بهره گیری از حصر و قصر، تأکید و برجستگی در سخن ایجاد می نماید. ایهام و دلالت های چندگانه، هم امکان کشف معانی متنوع و هم تعامل فعال ذهن مخاطب با متن را فراهم می آورد. زبان حس و زبان دل، جلوه های محسوس و باطنی تجربه انسانی را در غزل ها تجسم می بخشد و حذف لفظ و معنا نیز نقش زیبایی شناسانه و هنری دارد. این تحلیل نشان می دهد که سعدی با ترکیب سنت توصیفی و نوآوری خلاقانه، شبکه ای پیچیده از نشانه ها و روابط معنایی را به وجود می آورد که درک آن نیازمند توجه دقیق به زبان و بافت فرهنگی اثر است. به این ترتیب، غزل های سعدی نه تنها انعکاس احساس و تفکر انسانی اند، بلکه نمونه ای برجسته از توانمندی هنری و زبان شناسانه شاعر در ایجاد معنا و تأثیرگذاری بر مخاطب هستند.Aesthetic Linguistic Devices in Saadi’s Ghazals
This study analyzes the aesthetic techniques and distinctive linguistic features present in Saadi’s ghazals. Characterized as the language of love, Saadi’s ghazals portray an intrinsic connection between the lover and the beloved, where words operate simultaneously on descriptive and symbolic levels, imbued with profound emotional resonance. Saadi’s poetic language judiciously employs metaphor, allegory, ambiguity, and allusion, thereby facilitating the communication of complex and emotional concepts to his audience. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology rooted in semiotic theory, this research investigates Saadi’s linguistic artistry through four primary analytical axes: figurative and allusive language, the language of sensation and the heart, ambiguity and polysemy, and ellipses in linguistic expression. The findings demonstrate that Saadi effectively renders intellectual and emotional concepts tangible through metaphor and allegory, concurrently utilizing rhetorical constriction and emphasis to underscore meaning. The inherent ambiguity and multiple connotations within his verse encourage diverse interpretations and actively engage the reader’s intellect. Furthermore, "the language of sensation and the heart" encapsulates both external perceptions and internal human experiences, while linguistic omissions contribute significantly to the aesthetic and artistic depth of his poetry. This analysis concludes that Saadi, through a masterful synthesis of descriptive tradition and creative innovation, constructs an intricate network of signs and semantic relationships, demanding close attention to both linguistic nuances and cultural context. Consequently, Saadi’s ghazals not only articulate universal human thoughts and feelings but also exemplify the poet’s exceptional artistic and linguistic prowess in generating profound meaning and captivating his audience. Introduction A comprehensive understanding of the latent meanings embedded within Saadi’s ghazals necessitates a thorough familiarity with what can be termed "Saadi’s language." This distinctive language is characterized by its simultaneous simplicity and profound depth, encompassing layers of concealed meaning. It represents a masterful synthesis of established descriptive traditions and the poet’s singular creative ingenuity. Consequently, discerning Saadi’s unique linguistic features, markers, and stylistic devices, alongside the symbolic codes pervading his ghazals, is paramount for grasping the full semantic breadth of his oeuvre. In Saadi’s poetry, language transcends its function as a mere vehicle for expression; it operates as an artistic and philosophical instrument, introducing the reader to intricate and multifaceted concepts. Therefore, to achieve a deeper comprehension of his ghazals, a detailed elucidation of his linguistic strategies is indispensable. Literature Review Existing scholarship on Saadi’s linguistic artistry, while valuable, has primarily explored different avenues. For instance, studies such as Fotouhi’s The Magic of Syntax in Saadi’s Ghazals , Esmaeilzadeh’s Allegory: The Power of Saadi’s Language and the Language of Power , and Eshani’s A Stylistic Analysis of Verbs in Saadi’s Didactic Ghazals predominantly focus on comparative analyses of Saadi’s language with that of other poets, or they examine his works outside the ghazal genre. Consequently, these prior investigations, despite their merits, do not specifically address the central focus of the present research: a dedicated analysis of the aesthetic and linguistic features of Saadi’s ghazals themselves. Research Methodology and Theoretical Framework This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, meticulously examining both the traditional and innovative aspects inherent in Saadi’s distinctive linguistic style. The analytical framework is predicated upon three core linguistic dimensions: "indicative and allegorical language," "the language of perception ( Hass )," and "the language of the heart ( Del )." Particular emphasis is placed on the estrangement techniques skillfully employed by Saadi. The overarching objective is to scrutinize how the poet strategically utilizes these linguistic devices to convey intricate concepts and achieve a profound artistic impact. Discussion and Analysis Saadi, through his exceptional linguistic and intellectual ingenuity, masterfully harnessed the expressive potential of poetic language to articulate and intricate ideas. His verse, deceptively simple yet profoundly deep, strategically employs metaphors, allegories, allusions, and semiotic signs to render concepts tangible and readily comprehensible. 4.1. Indicative and Allegorical Language Saadi predominantly utilizes two primary modes of expression: direct and indirect. Direct expression conveys concepts through precise, concrete vocabulary. Conversely, indirect expression, primarily achieved via allegories and allusions, skillfully guides the reader’s intellect toward a broader comprehension of nuanced and non-literal concepts. This dual approach fosters audience engagement with tangible, multifaceted imagery, thereby facilitating diverse interpretations. 4.1.1. Techniques in Indicative Language A. Utilization of Symbols, Allegories, and Paradoxes: Saadi’s strategic deployment of symbols, allegories, and paradoxes significantly enhances the coherence and thematic depth of his poetry. A prime example is the portrayal of a lover experiencing joy despite being in captivity, showcasing inherent tension. B. Flexibility and Fluidity of Meaning: Saadi deliberately cultivates flexibility and fluidity of meaning by transcending conventional lexical boundaries and introducing ambiguity. This technique empowers the poet to imbue his verse with profound personal interpretations, vividly observed in his multifaceted depictions of archetypes such as the rogue, the ascetic, the pious, and the discerning observer. 4.2. Emphasis through Restriction ( Hesar and Qasr ) Saadi effectively employs the rhetorical devices of restriction and limitation ( hesar and qasr ) to underscore pivotal statements and generate reader surprise. This strategic application significantly augments the emphasis and persuasive impact of his words. 4.3. Polysemy and Ellipsis The deliberate integration of polysemous words, coupled with both verbal and semantic omissions, empowers readers to uncover novel meanings, thereby rendering the poetic experience uniquely personal and enriching. 4.4. The Language of Perception ( Hass ) and The Language of the Heart ( Del ) "The language of perception ( Hass )" is fundamentally anchored in rationality and the observable world, and it is largely shaped by conventional linguistic agreements. In contrast, "the language of the heart" or "language of states ( Zaban-e Hal )" emanates from the poet’s profound inner emotions. It conveys meaning through an array of natural, human, or even metaphysical elements, including reason, love, eyes, sorrow, breeze, water, wind, soil, fire, and others. This particular linguistic register is typically invoked when direct expression is deemed either unsuitable or insufficient to capture the desired emotional or conceptual depth. Conclusion In conclusion, Saadi’s poetry is characterized by its sophisticated employment of diverse linguistic techniques—including syntactic ellipsis, metaphor, polysemous allusions, and rhetorical limitation—all meticulously orchestrated to convey profound meaning, amplify artistic impact, and achieve unparalleled lexical beauty. This strategic deployment firmly establishes his unique and preeminent position within Persian poetic tradition. His adept use of rhetorical restriction and limitation significantly fortifies both emphasis and overall artistic effect, a practice that resonates powerfully from both an aesthetic standpoint and the perspectives of applied semantics and rhetoric. For tangible and material concepts, Saadi typically favors direct expression. However, when confronting notions, he skillfully conveys meaning through perceptible and allegorical language, thereby fostering mental proximity and facilitating comprehension. This methodology enables readers to apprehend extensive, nuanced, and non-literal meanings through vivid, tangible images that frequently underscore causal relationships. Ultimately, these intricate techniques collectively contribute to the cohesion, fluidity, and profound ambiguity of his poetic discourse, thereby allowing for multiple layers of interpretation and immeasurably enriching the aesthetic and intellectual experience of his ghazals.
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