کاربست نظریه هنجارهای گیدئون توری و نیومارک در نقد برگردان عربی گزیده ای از اشعار گلچین گیلانی توسط محمد نورالدین عبدالمنعم (بررسی موردی شعر خانه ویران) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ترجمه شعر به عنوان یکی از پیچیده ترین عرصه های ترجمه ادبی، انتقال لایه های معنایی و زیبایی های زبان مبدأ به زبان مقصد را همواره با خطر از دست دادن اصالت و عمق مفاهیم مواجه می کند؛ از این رو، نظریه های مختلفی در این زمینه به وجود آمده است. از مهم ترین نظریه های ترجمه شعر، نظریه هنجارهای گیدئون توری است که به فرآیند ترجمه یا خود عمل ترجمه پرداخته می شود. در زبان فارسی نیز اشعار بسیاری به زبان های مختلف ترجمه شده است که از جمله آن ها اشعار گلچین گیلانی به زبان عربی توسط محمد نورالدین عبدالمنعم است. از آنجایی که اشعار گلچین گیلانی دربرگیرنده درون مایه های احساسی و فرهنگی خاص است؛ بنابراین، در ترجمه نیازمند دقت و توجه ویژه ای است. ترجمه شعر «خانه ویران» اثر گلچین گیلانی، موضوع این پژوهش است که با هدف بررسی و ارزیابی دقیق ترجمه عربی مقوله های فرهنگی، مفاهیم استعاری و ساختار موسیقایی در شعر فارسی از نظر وفاداری به معانی اصلی، دقت در ترجمه تعبیرات فرهنگی و انسجام و لحن اجرایی و شناسایی نقاط قوت و ضعف در ترجمه و ارائه پیشنهادات برای بهبود کیفیت ترجمه های ادبی مشابه، صورت می پذیرد. تحلیل ها نشان می دهد که ترجمه عربی محمد نورالدین عبدالمنعم به طور کلی توانسته است معانی و احساسات اصلی شعر فارسی را منتقل کند، اما در برخی موارد نیاز به دقت بیشتری در تفسیر فرهنگی و انتخاب عبارات مناسب وجود دارد. استفاده از عبارات و توصیف های دقیق تر می تواند به بهبود وضوح و انتقال بهتر معانی اصلی کمک کند.Application of Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory and Newmark’s Theory in Critiquing the Arabic Translation of Selected Poems by Golchin Gilani by Mohammad Nour El-Din Abdul-Moneim (A Case Study of the Poem Khaneh Viran)
The translation of poetry, a particularly intricate domain of literary translation, consistently encounters the challenge of preserving the uniqueness and profundity of notions, as it seeks to convey the semantic nuances and aesthetic qualities of the source language into the target language. Consequently, numerous hypotheses have arisen in this domain. Gideon Tori's idea of norms is a crucial framework in poetry translation, focusing on the translation process or the act of translation itself. Mohammad Nuruddin Abdul Moneim has translated numerous Persian poems into various languages, including the Arabic translations of the Gilani collection. The poetry in Gilani's book encompasses distinct emotional and cultural issues, necessitating meticulous care and attention in translation. This research focuses on the translation of the poem "Khaneh Wiran" by Golchin Gilani, aiming to meticulously analyze and assess the Arabic translation of cultural categories, metaphorical concepts, and the melodic structure inherent in Persian poetry. The research emphasizes adherence to original meanings, precision in translating cultural expressions, coherence, and tonal execution. Furthermore, it delineates strengths and shortcomings in the translation and offers recommendations to enhance the quality of analogous literary translations. The research indicates that Mohammad Nuruddin Abdul Moneim's Arabic translation effectively conveys the principal meanings and feelings of Persian poetry; nonetheless, there are instances requiring greater clarity in cultural interpretation and the use of suitable terms. Utilizing more exact terminology and descriptions can enhance clarity and effectively communicate the primary meanings.IntroductionTranslation significantly contributes to exchanges among many cultures and civilizations by effectively transmitting ideas and promoting cultural interchange. In the contemporary world, nations, alongside their indigenous knowledge, also pursue the accomplishments and literature of other nations. Since the mid-20th century, the increasing interest in Iranian studies within the Arab world has resulted in significant attention to contemporary Persian poetry, prompting the translation of numerous works by Persian poets into Arabic. These translations have familiarized Arab audiences with the techniques and themes of modern Persian poetry, thereby reinforcing the cultural connections between Persian and Arabic speakers. As a result, poets like Forough Farrokhzad, Sohrab Sepehri, Parvin E'tesami, Ahmad Shamlou, and Golchin Gilani have attained significant recognition among Arabic-speaking audiences.Nevertheless, poetry translation has distinct problems, as poetry consists of three fundamental elements: music, structure, and meaning, all of which are difficult to communicate accurately in the target language. In translating Persian poetry to Arabic and vice versa, the translator must balance authenticity to the original literary form with accessibility for the intended audience. Notable discrepancies in translators' methodologies make this difficulty evident in contemporary translations of Persian poetry into Arabic. Certain translations prioritize transmitting the basic message, neglecting creative features like metaphors and rhythm, whereas others strive to maintain the original style and structure while remaining true to the lyrical essence.Contemporary translation theories provide significant insights into comprehending translation obstacles, categorizing them, and suggesting effective strategies to mitigate these issues (Mahdipur, 2009: 15). Gideon Toury's Norm Theory, a fundamental framework in literary translation analysis, is based on Itamar Even-Zohar’s notion of “polysystems” and James Holmes’ “descriptive approach.” Gideon Toury initially presented his idea in 1980 in the book In Search of an Idea of Translation and subsequently revised it in 1995 in Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. This theory conceptualizes translation as a cultural process, highlighting the disparities in languages and textual traditions, in contrast to theories that prioritize total equivalence in translation (Gentzler, 2014: 63).Literature ReviewThe preliminary endeavors to present Persian literature to the Arab world commenced in the early 20th century. Wadia Bin Faris Al-Bustani was the inaugural translator of Omar Khayyam's quatrains from English to Arabic, succeeded by Ahmad Rami, who translated them directly from Persian to Arabic, publishing his translation in 1924. Subsequently, Abdul Wahhab Azzam, a professor at an Egyptian institution, rewrote and reintroduced Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh—initially translated by Abu al-Fath al-Bandari in the 13th century—with a preface titled Al-Shahnameh: The Great Epic of the Persians. These initiatives markedly heightened the interest of the Egyptian and Arab literary communities in Persian literature (See: Kazemi Najaf Abadi & Rahimi Khoygani, 2017: pages. 121; Jamal al-Din, 2008: p. 131).The subsequent studies have examined this domain:The Utilization of Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory in the Qualitative Evaluation of the Arabic Translation of Fereydoon Moshiri’s Poems, by Afzali, Ali, and Madani, Akram (Journal: Comparative Studies in Persian and Arabic). This study analyzes portions of Fereydoon Moshiri’s poetry as translated into Arabic in the book Mukhtarat Min al-Shi’r al-Farsi al-Hadith by Mohammad Nour El-Din Abdul-Moneim. This analysis employs descriptive, process-oriented translation studies based on Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory.Analysis of the Arabic Translation of Sohrab Sepehri’s Poetry According to Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory, by Afzali, Ali, and Madani, Akram (Journal: The Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature). This study examines segments of Sohrab Sepehri’s poetry as translated in the book Mukhtarat Min al-Shi’r al-Farsi al-Hadith by Mohammad Nour El-Din Abdul-Moneim, utilizing Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory and a descriptive, process-oriented approach to translation studies.Evaluation of Shuarabi’s Poetic Translation of Hafez’s First and Third Ghazals According to Gideon Toury’s Framework, by Abbaszadeh, Fazel (Journal: Critique, Analysis, and Aesthetics of Texts). This study analyzes Amin Al-Shuarabi’s poetic translation of Hafez’s first (Alā Yā Ayyuhā Sāqī...) and third (Agar Ān Turk-e Shirāzī...) ghazals through the lens of Toury’s target-oriented approach.A Semantic Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in the Poetry of Khalil Mutran and Golchin Gilani, by Sadeghi et al. (Journal: Comparative Literature Studies). This study examines conceptual metaphors (orientational, structural, and ontological) in the poetry of Khalil Mutran and Golchin Gilani to assess their prevalence and the poets' inclination in utilizing these images.Comprehensive Examination of Emotions and Themes in Golchin Gilani's Poetry: An Analysis by Hasanabadi, Mahmoud, and Sajjadi, Zahra (Journal: Research Journal of Lyric Literature). This descriptive study offers a concise biography of Golchin Gilani and analyzes themes and emotions in his poetry, including love, sadness, hope, despair, memories, homeland, fate, life and death, and the enigma of existence, accompanied by examples.The article "The Efforts of Mohammad Nour El-Din Abdul-Moneim in Promoting Persian Language and Literature in Egypt" by Behrouz Ghorban Zadeh (2016) separately analyzes Abdul-Moneim's contributions to the promotion of Persian in the Arab world, especially in Egypt.An examination of current research on the translation of modern Persian poetry into Arabic indicates that there is a lack of books, articles, or independent studies focusing on the qualitative analysis of Golchin Gilani’s poetry translation into Arabic via the lens of Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory.Research MethodologyThis research uses a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach based on Gideon Toury's Norm Theory to look at the Arabic translation of some poems by Golchin Gilani that can be found in the book Mukhtarat Min al-Shi'r al-Farsi al-Hadith (Selections from Modern Persian Poetry). The study aims to investigate the musical, cultural, and metaphorical aspects of the translator's work, along with the degree of faithfulness, cultural precision, and effective conveyance of tone and coherence in the translation. The objective is to ascertain the strengths and flaws of these translations and offer ideas for enhancing the quality of analogous translations.ConclusionAbdul-Moneim’s Arabic translation effectively communicates the essential concepts and descriptions of the original Persian text. Nonetheless, there exists potential for enhancement in the use of terminology and descriptive phrases. Enhancing integrity to the original text and its emotional depth can be achieved by focusing on exact descriptions, logical linkages, and appropriate word choices.The translator has achieved an accurate translation that aligns with the source text through meticulous linguistic and structural choices. However, slight modifications in syntax and diction could significantly enhance the tone, style, and artistic effect of the original work. The significance of cultural disparities in translation has been emphasized, as the translator has sought to faithfully convey metaphors and implicit meanings from Persian to Arabic. Nonetheless, cultural and emotional subtleties are occasionally overlooked in direct translations, impacting the reader's perspective and emotional involvement.The translator has concentrated on the symbolic imagery and its representation in the target language, making selections that occasionally lead to minor alterations in tone, rhythm, and emotional expression. Abdul-Moneim has adeptly encapsulated the fundamental meanings and emotions of the Persian text, effectively conveying the character's shock and bewilderment. His translation conforms closely to the fundamental and essential standards of translation.Utilizing more detailed descriptions to highlight the character's inner emotions and the poet's reflections may have yielded an exemplary translation. This may have been accomplished by incorporating supplementary phrases to improve clarity and more effectively communicate the original meanings.Another feature of Newmark's theory applicable to the analysis of this translation is the notion of "modified literal translation." This perspective posits that the translator may employ a translation method that adheres closely to the linguistic structures of the source text while implementing slight modifications to maintain fluency and meaning. This strategy may facilitate a more precise conveyance of the concepts and emotions inherent in the original text. It would have been especially helpful in areas where the Persian structure presented difficulties in translation into Arabic, facilitating a balance between preserving the authenticity of the source text and adapting to the target language.
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