مقایسه آموزه های فرزندپروری مسئولانه عنصرالمعالی، خواجه نصیر طوسی، سعدی و واعظ کاشفی با سبک های فرزندپروری بامریند (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مقاله حاضر شیوه های فرزندپروری عنصرالمعالی، خواجه نصیر طوسی، سعدی و ملاحسین واعظ کاشفی را در قابوس نامه (475)، اخلاق ناصری (633)، گلستان (656) و اخلاق محسنی (900) برطبق سبک فرزندپروری مسئولانه (اسلامی) بررسی و با سبک های فرزندپروری بامریند (1927م.) مقایسه می کند. نگارنده با بررسی توصیفی- تحلیلی این موضوع در آثار این چهار متفکر مسلمانِ متعلق به دوره های مختلف تاریخی بر مبنای نظریه فرزندپروری مسئولانه اسلامی و مقایسه با نظریه بامریند با پاسخ به این پرسش ها که نویسندگان این آثار درباره فرزند پروری چه آموزه هایی را تبیین کرده اند؟ برای تعلیم این آموزه ها چه شیوه هایی را به کار گرفته اند؟ و وجوه تشابه و افتراق فرزندپروری آنها با دیدگاه های بامریند چیست؟، تبیین می کند شیوه فرزندپروری هر چهار نویسنده بر مبنای دیدگاه های اسلامی و وحیانی و از نوع مسئولانه با تکیه بر اصول اخلاق اسلامی و فطرت الهی انسان است که البته از فرهنگ و آداب و رسوم روزگار ایشان نیز اثر پذیرفته و تا اندازه ای به سبک مقتدرانه بامریند نزدیک است. عنصرالمعالی با بیان تجارب شخصی همراه با تمثیل و استشهاد و خواجه نصیر با شیوه علمی و فلسفی به شیوه مستقیم و جزئی نگر به تعلیم آموزه های فرزندپروری پرداخته اند؛ درحالی که سعدی و کاشفی از تمثیل و حکایت و شیوه غیرمستقیم و کلی نگر استفاده کرده اند و کاشفی به دلیل ماهیت سیاسی اندرزنامه اش کمتر از دیگران به این موضوع توجه کرده است.Comparing the Teachings of Responsible Parenting by Onsor Al-Maǎly, Khajeh Nasir-e Toosi, Sa'di, and Vaez-e Kashefi with Baumrind's Parenting Styles
This article analyzed the views of Onsor al-Maǎly, Khajeh Nasir-e Toosi, Sa'di, and Vaez-e Kashefi on upbringing as presented in their works: Qabusnameh (1083), Akhlaq-e Naseri (1236), Golestan (1258), and Akhlaq-e Mohseni (1495). It compared these perspectives to Baumrind's (1927) parenting styles. The writings of these four Muslim thinkers, spanning different historical periods, were examined through a descriptive-analytical lens, focusing on the theory of responsible Islamic parenting and its alignment with Baumrind's framework. This study addressed several key questions: What teachings do these authors convey regarding parenting? What methods do they employ to impart these teachings? What are the similarities and differences between their approaches and Baumrind's views? The findings indicated that the parenting methods advocated by all four authors were rooted in Islamic and revelational principles, emphasizing responsibility and the divine nature of humanity. These methods influenced by the cultural and social contexts of their times aligned closely with Baumrind's authoritative style. Onsor al-Maǎly shared personal experiences through allegories, while Khajeh Nasir employed scientific and philosophical reasoning. Sa'di and Kashefi utilized allegory and anecdotes; however, Kashefi's focus on political matters had resulted in less emphasis on parenting.
Keywords: Responsible Parenting, Baumrind's Theory, Onsor al-Maǎly, Khajeh Nasir-e Toosi, Sa'di, Vaez-e Kashefi.
Introduction
Numerous Iranian Muslim thinkers have contributed valuable teachings on parenting. Notable works include Onsor al-Maǎly’s Qabusnameh (1083), Khajeh Nasir al-Toosi’s Akhlaq-e Naseri (1236), Sa'di’s Golestan (1258), and Vaez-e Kashefi’s Akhlaq-e Mohseni (1495). Although these texts were authored by individuals with diverse perspectives and methodologies, they collectively highlighted the significance of parenting. These thinkers often addressed the topic directly or indirectly through anecdotes and narratives within their writings. This study aimed to compare their works with the parenting styles proposed by Diana Baumrind (1927), which is recognized as one of the most comprehensive frameworks in Western parenting. The analysis sought to elucidate the role of moral teachings in Islamic-Iranian culture and, more specifically, in Islamic parenting. Despite historical and methodological differences, all four authors advocated for responsible parenting, reflecting the cultural values of their time and emphasizing the importance of parenting in Islamic-Iranian society.
Materials & Methods
Baumrind's parenting styles were categorized into the four types of autocratic, permissive, rejecting, and authoritative styles based on the two dimensions of responsiveness and demandingness. Authoritative parents exhibited high levels of both affection and control, while autocratic parents showed less warmth and exerted more control. Permissive parents, on the other hand, displayed a great deal of affection but provided minimal control. In the rejecting style, both control and affection were at their lowest levels. In the context of Islam, parenting is regarded as one of the most significant responsibilities entrusted to parents. This profound duty compels parents to adopt the most effective methods for educating their children.
Research Findings
The analysis of the works of Onsor al-Maǎly, Khajeh Nasir-e Toosi, Sa'di, and Vaez-e Kashefi revealed significant insights into Islamic responsible parenting as articulated in their texts: Qabusnameh, Akhlaq-e Naseri, Golestan, and Akhlaq-e Mohseni. Each thinker offered distinct approaches while collectively emphasizing the importance of moral and ethical dimensions in parenting.
Common Themes: All four authors advocated for a parenting style aligned with Islamic teachings. Their methods underscored the importance of moral education, reflecting the cultural and religious values of their time. This parental approach was fundamentally responsible, promoting the development of children in accordance with divine attributes.
Methodological Differences: Onsor al-Maǎly employed personal anecdotes and allegories, making his teachings relatable and accessible, while also referencing Qur'anic verses and Hadiths to reinforce his points.
Khajeh Nasir-e Toosi offered a more systematic and philosophical approach, providing detailed explanations of moral teachings and their significance. His work was noted for its coherence and clarity, appealing to a broader audience.
Sa'di used simple, engaging narratives to convey moral lessons, reflecting the realities of his era through didactic stories. His indirect approach fostered an understanding of ethical principles in an entertaining manner.
Vaez-e Kashefi, however, focused more on state governance and less on parenting per se, often providing paternalistic directives that reflected the sociopolitical context of his time. His treatment of parenting was less comprehensive compared to his contemporaries.
Comparison to Baumrind's Theory: The parenting styles proposed by these Islamic thinkers resonated with Baumrind's authoritative style, which combined affection and control. However, they diverged from Baumrind’s framework by integrating a strong moral and religious foundation that emphasized responsibility towards the child's spiritual and ethical development. Unlike Baumrind's focus on social advancement, the Islamic perspective prioritized the nurturing of the soul and adherence to monotheistic values.
Cultural Context: The historical and cultural contexts of these authors influenced their teachings. Despite their differing methodologies, they collectively demonstrated that moral education, particularly in parenting, was deeply ingrained in Iranian culture well before the Seljuk and Mongol periods. Their works reflected a commitment to fostering a responsible and ethical upbringing, which remained relevant in contemporary discussions of parenting.
In summary, the research highlighted that while each author presented unique perspectives, they shared a common commitment to responsible parenting grounded in Islamic ethics, offering valuable insights into the role of moral teachings in child-rearing practices throughout history.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
Responsible parents should cultivate a positive attitude towards their children and educate them in a way that reflects divine attributes. A careful examination of Islamic teachings reveals that the Islamic parenting style is ethical, responsible, and comprehensive, while being rooted in monotheistic ideology and the goals of creation. This approach is essential for the spiritual development of individuals. Key features of responsible parenting include a strong sense of duty towards children, adherence to parenting priorities, respect for individual and gender differences in responses and expectations, and an emphasis on moderate kindness in parent-child relationships.
The perspectives on responsible parenting articulated by the above-mentioned authors are grounded in the religious and moral foundations of Islam, which uphold the importance of parental responsibility in child-rearing. In contrast to Baumrind's parenting styles, particularly the authoritarian style that somewhat aligns with responsible upbringing, there is a noticeable lack of focus on moral and religious teachings in Baumrind’s framework. Instead, her model primarily addresses the social development of the child. In Islamic responsible parenting, God is seen as the ultimate observer and parents are tasked with guiding their children towards the advancement of both spiritual and ethical values.
Onsor al-Maǎly emphasized the importance of moral teachings, utilizing personal experiences, anecdotes, and references to Qur'anic verses and Hadiths to convey his insights. Khajeh Nasir elaborated on his moral teachings, providing a coherent and engaging presentation that enhanced understanding for his audience.
Vaez-e Kashefi, focusing more on governance, addressed parenting less extensively than his peers. His teachings primarily consisted of paternalistic directives within the context of state management, reflecting the socio-political dynamics of his time. Notably, due to the limited role of women in the monarchy, he did not delve into teachings regarding marriage or upbringing of girls.
Sa'di captured the realities of his era through concise moral stories aimed at promoting religious and didactic principles. His approach was indirect, delivering profound teachings within beautifully crafted narratives that were both accessible and engaging.
Overall, the works of Onsor al-Maǎly, Khajeh Nasir, and Sa'di demonstrated that moral education, particularly in the realm of parenting, had a rich foundation in Iran, predating the Seljuk and Mongol periods.
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