بررسی تأثیر نگرش های جنسیتی بر کیفیت زندگی زنان و مردان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در علوم اجتماعی بررسی نگرش ها و آثار و پیامدهای آن موضوعی مهم و درخور توجه بوده است. یکی از این نگرش ها، یعنی نگرش های جنسیتی نقشی محوری در تحولات نهاد خانواده دارد. درون ماییه این نگرش ها، تغییر در ساختار کهن نقش های جنسیتی و تبدیل روابط مردسالارانه به روابط برابر بین زن و مرد است. هدف پژوهش حاضر آن است که تأثیر نگرش های جنسیتی را بر رضایت از زندگی در ابعاد مختلف آن و در ارزیابی افراد از کیفیت زندگی خود بررسی کند. جامعیه آماری پژوهش افراد بالای 15 سال خانوارهای معمولی ساکن در مناطق شهری کل کشور در سال 1397 و حجم نمونه 5036 نفر است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد حدود 10درصد زنان و 27درصد از مردان دارای نگرش جنسیتی سنتی و 37درصد از زنان و 20درصد از مردان دارای نگرش جنسیتی برابرطلب یا مدرن بوده اند و درنهایت حدود 54درصد از زنان و مردان دارای نگرش بینابینی بوده اند. کیفیت زندگی زنان از مردان اندکی بیشتر بوده است. نگرش جنسیتی رابطیه منفی با کیفیت زندگی داشته است؛ بدین معنا که هرچه نگرش جنسیتی مدرن تر بوده، کیفیت زندگی ذهنی پایین تر بوده است. این تأثیرگذاری بر کیفیت زندگی ذهنی زنان به مراتب بیشتر بوده است. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد متغیر نگرش جنسیتی در بین زنان با ضریب بتای 196.- مهم ترین متغیر تأثیرگذار بر کیفیت زندگی زنان بوده است. حال آنکه نگرش جنسیتی در بین مردان با ضریب 055.- تأثیرگذاری کمتری داشته است.Examining the Impact of Gender Attitudes on the Quality of Life in Men and Women
IntroductionAttitudes are multifaceted constructs shaped by individual experiences and broader socio-cultural frameworks, significantly influencing how people perceive, interpret, and navigate their social environments. Gender, as a fundamental organizing principle of society, creates distinct realities for men and women, playing a pivotal role in shaping individual experiences. Consequently, gender attitudes—comprising beliefs and values related to social roles, behaviors, and attributes associated with each gender—are crucial determinants of life satisfaction and overall quality of life. These attitudes exist along a spectrum, ranging from traditional or patriarchal perspectives, which typically uphold distinct gender roles and reinforce male dominance, to egalitarian viewpoints that emphasize gender equality and the equitable distribution of labor and responsibilities. The impact of gender attitudes on life satisfaction and quality of life varies significantly across different societies, indicating that their influence is contingent upon the prevailing socio-cultural context. Specifically, attitudes that align with dominant socio-cultural norms are likely to foster a sense of satisfaction and enhance quality of life. In contrast, attitudes that deviate from these norms can generate dissonance, pressure, and dissatisfaction, ultimately diminishing quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the nuanced effects of gender attitudes on various dimensions of life satisfaction and subjective quality of life among men and women in Iran. Materials & MethodsThis research utilized a secondary analysis of data from the National Family Survey (Faizi & Ebrahimi, 2018). The target population included individuals aged 15 years and older residing in ordinary urban households throughout Iran in 2018. A two-stage sampling methodology was employed to ensure a representative sample. In the first stage, 834 urban blocks were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling from all urban blocks across the country. In the second stage, 6 eligible individuals—3 men and 3 women—were systematically selected from each sampled block using linear systematic sampling. This approach yielded a final sample of 5,036 participants. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face interviews within households, utilizing tablets, from late May to late July 2018.To ensure the instruments accurately measured the intended constructs, both face and construct validity were established. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The gender attitude index was created by averaging scores from 9 items, including statements like "The breadwinner of the household must be a man" and "Men should have the final say at home". The Cronbach’s alpha for this index was 0.72, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Scores ranged from 0 to 4 and respondents were categorized into 3 groups based on their scores: traditional or patriarchal (0–1.33), intermediate (1.34–2.67), and modern or egalitarian (2.68–4). Subjective quality of life was measured using a composite index that included life satisfaction across 12 dimensions, along with a general life satisfaction item. Responses were recorded on a scale ranging from "not at all" to "very much". The Cronbach’s alpha for the quality of life index was 0.82, demonstrating strong internal consistency. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe analysis revealed a significant disparity in gender attitudes between men and women. Specifically, men exhibited more traditional gender attitudes, with 27% holding traditional views compared to only 10% of women. The average life satisfaction score measured on a scale of 0 to 5 was 3.68 for women and 3.57 for men. Similarly, the average subjective quality of life score measured on a scale of 0 to 65 was 40.10 for women and 39.43 for men. These results indicated that life satisfaction and subjective quality of life showed only marginal differences between genders.However, gender attitudes had a substantial impact on women's life satisfaction across various dimensions and on their subjective quality of life. Notably, women with traditional gender attitudes reported higher levels of satisfaction and quality of life. In contrast, for men, the influence of gender attitudes on most dimensions of life satisfaction was less pronounced although men with traditional attitudes also reported higher subjective quality of life.Regression analysis further confirmed that gender attitudes had a significantly stronger influence on women's quality of life (beta = -0.196) compared to men’s (beta = -0.055). Moreover, both men and women, who held traditional gender attitudes, reported higher quality of life than those with modern perspectives.These findings suggested that gender attitudes were more salient predictors of women's life outcomes, particularly regarding quality of life and satisfaction across various dimensions, than they were for men. The results also indicated that while modern gender attitudes represented an aspirational ideal, they encountered substantial cultural and social barriers in traditional or transitioning societies like Iran. Consequently, individuals, who embraced modern perspectives, might experience dissatisfaction due to the incongruence between their attitudes and prevailing social norms. Conversely, the dominance of traditional values aligned with the preferences of individuals, who held traditional gender attitudes, leading to greater life satisfaction and quality of life. However, this alignment did not affect men and women equally. Women, who advocated for modern attitudes, faced greater conflicts with traditional and patriarchal norms, resulting in stigma, social rejection, and a lack of acceptance. As a result, they experienced more dissatisfaction compared to their male counterparts with modern attitudes. This study underscored the differential impact of gender attitudes on quality of life, highlighting the unique challenges faced by women, who supported modern perspectives within a traditionally oriented society.
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