از میدان بزرگ تا میدان بلدیه؛ بازخوانی تحولات کالبدی-عملکردی در میدان اصلی شهر رشت (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فضاهای عمومی از اجزای ثابت در ساختار شهرهاست و میدان های شهری یکی از نمونه های آن ها هستند. میدان هایی که می توانند روایت کننده سیر تحولات و تغییرات در یک شهر نیز باشند. میدان اصلی شهر رشت نیز دارای همین ویژگی است و بازخوانی شرایط آن می تواند وجوه جدیدی را از سابقه تاریخی شهر رشت ارائه نماید. این میدان که از نظر مکانی قرابت هایی با مکان میدان شهرداری فعلی دارد موضوع اصلی این مطالعه است. در نگاه اول و در اذهان اغلب مردم این طور تداعی شده که مبدأ پیدایش میدان شهرداری - با توجه به سبک ساختمان های قرار گرفته در آن - مربوط به دوره پهلوی اول است. اصلی ترین دلیل این تصور تخریب عناصر کالبدی و فضایی محدوده مرکزی شهر در سال های پایانی دوره قاجار و به ویژه دوره پهلوی اول بوده است. این تغییر و تحولات تا حدی است که نشانه ای از بناهای دوره های پیشین غیر از اشارات مندرج در کتب تاریخی، نقشه ها، تصاویر تاریخی و نیز سفرنامه ها وجود ندارد. تغییرات و تحولات کالبدی و عملکردی در آثاری مثل آرامگاه استاد ابوجعفر، عمارات دیوانی رشت، تکیه دولت، نقاره خانه و دارالاماره صفوی برخی از موارد قابل اشاره هستند. با این توضیح بررسی و بازخوانی سیر تحولات تاریخی و نظام کالبدی و عملکردی میدان اصلی شهر رشت هدف و ساختار کلی این مطالعه را شکل داده است. در این مقاله سعی شده با بررسی و تحلیل اسناد و مدارک تاریخی و توصیفات سیاحانی که از این میدان دیدن کرده اند، تصویری از وضعیت میدان در دوره های مختلف (علی الخصوص دوره ایلخانی، تیموری و صفوی) ارائه شود. این مطالعه با روش تفسیری-تاریخی به تحلیل تشریحی از رخدادها و توصیفات میدان پرداخته است. در نسبت با وضعیت امروز و در نظام کالبدی، ساخت عمارت هایی با معماری نئوکلاسیک و محدود شدن دسترسی ها و در بحث عملکردی نیز حذف کلی عملکرد مذهبی (تخریب آرامگاه استاد ابوجعفر و عمارت های تکیه دولت و نقاره خانه) از مواردی است که وضعیت اصیل محدوده را دچار تغییر کرده اند.From Large Square (Meidān-e-Bözörg) to Baladīye Square (Meidān-e-Baladīyeh); Rereading physical-functional developments in the main square of Rasht city
Background and Objectives:
Public spaces are fixed components in the urban fabric, and urban squares serve as prime examples. These squares can narrate the historical development and urban transformations of a city. The main square of Rasht also possesses this characteristic, and studying its conditions can provide new insights into the history of Rasht. At first glance, the history of urban civilization and architecture in Rasht, particularly the Municipality Square—given the architectural styles of the buildings in the square—seems to date back to the Pahlavi period. However, Rasht was a prosperous city with prominent urban elements even before this period. Unfortunately, most of the prominent structures from pre-Pahlavi periods have been demolished due to various reasons. Beyond references in historical materials such as books, maps, pictures, and travelogues, there are no remaining structures from these earlier periods. This lack of remnants has caused minimal attention to be paid to the central square of Rasht in historical periods prior to the Pahlavi era. In particular, paying close attention to the central area of the city and the square is a crucial and noteworthy aspect of this issue. The objective of this study is to re-examine the architectural identity and the physical-functional system of the central square of Rasht in a historical context, or in other
.words, to trace the history of this square
:Methodes
The overall approach of this study is qualitative, employing an interpretive and historical perspective based on historical evidence. After reviewing and re-reading historical texts and documents, the processes of formation, establishment, and the historical events and transformations affecting the fate of Rasht’s main square have been analyzed. Given the recognition of the square’s past status and the course of its transformations, the primary sources utilized are historical texts and original documents from the corresponding period. Additionally, efforts have been made to identify key sections by analyzing descriptions from travel writers, historical images, and illustrations, particularly to provide a depiction of the physical state of Rasht’s square. To validate the information presented in this article, multiple sources have been concurrently considered to corroborate each topic, and initial interpretations have been cross-referenced with physical evidence.
Findings:
Based on the conducted studies regarding the status of Rasht city and its central square, and the physical and functional characteristics of the square, it is impossible to overlook the role and history of civilization in Rasht and its central square, particularly in the 4th century (during the time of Master Abu Ja’far). However, due to the lack of credible and accurate documents, it is not possible to definitively comment on the exact physical and functional state of Rasht city during the 4th and 5th centuries. The existing references to certain physical components (such as the extensive field-like area, the Grand Mosque, and the bazaar) can be considered indications of the initial origins of the square. In these two periods (the Ilkhanid and Timurid), based on the physical elements, the square had functional characteristics related to governance, economy, society, and religion. A noteworthy aspect of Rasht’s square during the Safavid period is the mention of the Sabz-Maidan (Green Square) in Rasht. In the Safavid era, Sabz-Maidan was a square located near the government house (Dar al-Emāra), the cemetery, the tomb of Master Abu Ja’far, and the bazaar. In the early Qajar period, the process of changes in Rasht city and its square continued, and the construction of physical spaces (such as the Tekyeh Dowlat and Naqqāreh Khāneh buildings) was added. However, these changes did not disrupt the coherence and authenticity of the Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani Square complex. In the final years of the Qajar period, the physical system and functional role of the square underwent changes, and the change in the style of buildings constructed in the square, based on Eastern European Neoclassical architecture, is its main physical characteristic, which led to the removal of the religious elements of the square and its surroundings.
The below table provided summarizes these physical and functional characteristics of Rasht’s central square across different historical
periods.
:Conclusion
Based on the evidence presented in this article, the Great Square, Green Square (Rasht Square, Pay-e-Chenar Square), Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani Square, Baladīye Square, or in other words, the current Municipality Square, narrates the historical transformations of the central area of Rasht city until today. According to the conducted studies, each historical period has exhibited different physical and functional characteristics of this area. A notable point is the status of this area prior to the Safavid era, where its religious and social roles were particularly significant. Considering the ensemble of physical elements and functional systems within these spaces within the square, it can be inferred that alongside governmental, economic, and social roles, the square’s religious role has been continuously present from the Ilkhanid to the Qajar periods. This religious significance was even further strengthened during the Qajar era with the construction of the Takyeh Dowlat and Naqareh-khane buildings.
:Highlights
The main square of Rasht city has features that rereading it can provide new aspects of the history of Rasht city. Among the unclear points about this square are the location of the city’s Dar al-Hukomah in the Ilkhanid and Timurid Eras and the Safavid Daralamare, as well as the challenging issues related to the Meidane-Sabz in the Safavid Era and its difference from the Meidane-Sabz in the Qajar Era. Currently, the construction of buildings with neoclassical architecture, restricted access, and the removal of religious functions (the destruction of the tomb of Abu Jaafar and the mansions of Takyeh Dowlat and Naqareh-khane) have altered the square’s original condition.
Rasht,Baladīyeh Square (Meidān-e-Baladīyeh),Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani Square,Sabz-Maidan,Large Square (Meidān-e-Bözörg),
تبلیغات
