پژوهشی باستان شناختی بر حدود و ثغور رستاق ریشهر در کوره اَرجان و قلاع تاریخی آن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در جنوب غربی ایران دو جای نام ریواردشیر در اردشیرخوره و ریشهر در کوره اَرجان وجود داشته است که به دلیل روایات نادرست از تغییر نام ریواردشیر به ریشهر در برخی متون دوران اسلامی، گاهی برخی از تحولات ریشهر اَرجان را به ریواردشیر نسبت داده اند. تعیین حدود و ثغور رستاق ریشهر در کوره اَرجان در جنوب غربی ایران و پی بردن به جایگاه ژئوپولیتیک تاریخی آن، با بررسی و مطالعه باستان شناختی قلاع تاریخی گستره جغرافیایی رستاق یاد شده، هدف عمده این پژوهش است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر در صدد پاسخ به دو پرسش است: 1- گستره جغرافیایی رستاق ریشهر چه مناطقی از کوره اَرجان را در بر می گیرد؟ 2- با توجه به قلاع و استحکامات دفاعی، اهمیت سیاسی- نظامی و شکل گیری حوزه اداری رستاق ریشهر به چه دوره ای بر می گردد؟ تحلیل تاریخی به کمک مدارک باستان شناسی حاصل از بررسی میدانی روشمند باستان شناختی و مطالعات منابع مکتوب روشی است که پژوهش پیش رو از آن سود جسته است. نتیجه آنکه تلفیق اطلاعات حاصل از متون جغرافیایی و تاریخی اسلامی و مطالعات باستان شناختی نشان داد، ریشهر کوره ارجان یک ناحیه ی سیاسی- اداری مشخص در دوران اسلامی به مرکزیت شهر دیرجان است که حدود آن در محدوده ی شهر سردشت و زیدون تا حدود امیدیه و هندیجان کنونی بوده است. حدود و ثغور آن با توجه به شواهد باستان شناختی مرتبط با سازمان دفاعی و اداری این رستاق مانند قلاع تاریخی، وضع توپوگرافیک منطقه و عوارض طبیعی محدود کننده مرزهای سیاسی- اداری مانند رودها قابل تشخیص است. شواهد باستان شناختی موجود از جمله قطعات سفال و آثار معماری به جای مانده قلاع دیده بانی و دفاعی و نیز منابع تاریخی، گویای اهمیت و جایگاه ژئوپولتیک مهم این رستاق، طی دوره ساسانی تا قرن ششم ه .ق است.An Archeological Research on the Boundaries of Rishehr Rustaq in Arjan Kureh and its Historical Castles
Background and Objectives:
One of the significant gaps in the research on Arjan Koureh is the lack of archaeological investigation into the geopolitical position of this region in different historical periods, particularly regarding its historical castles. Castles and military fortifications are crucial material evidence that sheds light on the organization, political-administrative governance, and social structure of ancient societies. They played vital roles in protecting territorial sovereignty, defending populations, securing communication routes, and fostering sustainable development and economic prosperity.
Before delving into the historical and archaeological evidence related to Arjan Koureh, it is essential to examine the research on related names, such as Roimhar. Due to a lack of detailed knowledge about the region's historical geography, some researchers have inadvertently mixed information related to these different names, leading to illogical conclusions. For instance, much of the knowledge about the social life of Roimhar city in the Islamic period may actually pertain to the Roimhar Koureh of Arjan during the same era.
While carefully examining historical sources, Gaubeh considers the location of Roimhar to be in the Handijan Valley and Zidon. However, limited research has been conducted on the castles of Rustaq Roimhar, with only a few references made by Gaobeh to the Gol, Gulab, and Dez castles in this area. By analyzing the material documents of seals and coins related to Roimhir and Rivardshir in the pre-Islamic period and the Roimhir mentioned in Islamic era sources, Miri has argued that the primary Roimhir is located on the coast of Bushehr, while the second Roimhir, the one referred to in Islamic period sources, is situated in the current Zaytoun Region.
The primary objective of this research is to determine the boundaries of Rustaq Rishehr in the Arjan region of southwestern Iran and to ascertain its historical geopolitical position through the examination and archaeological study of its historical castles.
Methodes:
This research employs a combined approach of historical analysis and archaeological investigation. Through systematic field surveys and comprehensive examinations, archaeological evidence of castles and other military fortifications within the study area was documented and recorded. Additionally, by studying new library resources and ancient texts containing information about Arjan Koureh and the boundaries of Rustaq Rishehr, the historical castles mentioned were identified. By integrating historical analysis and archaeological evidence, this research aims to define the boundaries of Rustaq Rishehr based on geographical and natural features, and to examine the historical castles as material evidence of the region's defensive organization and historical administrative borders.
Findings:
References from historical sources, when compared with archaeological evidence, indicate the unique capability of the Zaidon Plain as an agricultural Rustaq and administrative center during the Sasanian to Seljuk periods. Its boundaries were protected by strong castles and fortifications. The historical castles examined in this research reflect the historical geopolitical position of this Rustaq from the Sasanian to Seljuk era, particularly its political-administrative dominance over part of southwestern Iran, namely the Arjan district, extending from Dena Mountains to the Persian Gulf.
The location of the studied castles within this Rustaq demonstrates the political authority's deliberate efforts to establish these castles on hills overlooking communication routes and the borders of neighboring Rustaq. This awareness and understanding of the geographical environment led to the utilization of natural features, such as hillocks (like the Ghol and Golab castles) and conical shapes (like the Kalat of Hendijan), for the construction of stable and sustainable defensive facilities for the protective domain of Rishahr Rustaq. Archaeological evidence and historical texts suggest that these castles were inhabited from at least the Sasanian period until the end of the Seljuk period, playing a significant role in the sustainable development of this Rustaq. Some of these castles (Ghol and Golab castles) held strategic importance for the political-administrative authority of southwestern Iran from the early Islamic period until the end of the Qajar period in the regions of Kohgiluyeh and Khuzestan. Historical resources and archaeological evidence indicate that Rustaq Rishehr was located in the western part of the city of Arjan. Ibn Hawqal clearly mapped the position of Rustaq Rishehr in the western part of the Arjan district along the coastal region of the Persian Gulf. The eastern limit of this Rustaq extended to the hills surrounding the Ghol and Golab castles, while the western boundary reached areas near Mahshahr and Hendijan today. A hilly region, approximately 50 kilometers long and seven kilometers wide, lies between the low and relatively flat agricultural areas of this Rustaq and the coastal port of Mahrouban. Additionally, another hilly area extends 110 kilometers in length and 15 kilometers in width between the mentioned sections and the Arjan Plain.
Conclusion:
By integrating information from Islamic geographical and historical texts with archaeological studies, it becomes evident that Arjan Kureh was a distinct political-administrative region in the Islamic era, centered in the city of Dirjan. Its boundaries extended from the city of Sardasht to Zidon, reaching as far as Omidiyeh and Hendijan.
The archaeological evidence related to the region's defensive and administrative organization, such as historical castles, as well as its topographical features and natural boundaries, such as rivers, helps to define these boundaries. The available archaeological evidence, including pottery, architectural works, and the remains of watchtowers and defenses, combined with historical sources, highlights the importance and geopolitical position of this rural district from the Sasanian period until the sixth century AH.
Historical Geographic,Arjan Kureh,Rishehr rustaq,Deyrjan,Castles and Fortresses,
تبلیغات
