تحلیل گونه های زبانِ ادبی خاطره نگاری با تکیه بر آثار خاطره نگار از انقلاب مشروطه تا انقلاب اسلامی
آرشیو
چکیده
زبان ادبی یکی از مؤلفه‌هایی است که در انواع ادبی و هنری در تأثیرگذاری بر مخاطب نقش‌دارد و از منابع ارزنده برای شناخت آثار اجتماعی، سیاسی و فرهنگی دوره‌های مختلف به‌شمار می‌رود. به بیانی دیگر؛ مطالعه زبان ادبی ماهیت و ساختار افکار و آراء شاعران و نویسندگان را هویدا می‌سازد. زبان ادبی مانند دیگر زبان‌ها در همه حوزه‌های جغرافیایی، دوره‌های تاریخی و بافت‌های اجتماعی یکسان نیست. خرده‌فرهنگ‌های متفاوت جامعه از عوامل مهم بروز این تنوع اجتماعی است که سبب ایجاد "گونه‌های زبان ادبی" متنوع شده‌اند. نویسندگان و شاعران در طول تاریخ برای بیان خاطرات خود از گونه‌های متفاوت زبانی بهره برده‌اند. این تفاوت زبانی، سبک زبانی خاصی را برای هر اثر ادبی ایجاب کرده است. نگارندگان مقاله با روشی توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی انواع گونه‌های زبان ادبی در آثار خاطره‌نگار از انقلاب مشروطه تا انقلاب اسلامی پرداختند. نتایج پژوهش از تفاوت زبان ادبی خاطرات حکایت می‌کند. ازآنجا‌که تفاوت‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی قشرهای مختلف جامعه سبب تنوع زبان و سبک آثار می‌شود؛ زبان خاطرات رجال حکومتی با زبان خاطرات شخصیت‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی تفاوت بسیار دارد؛ چنانکه این تفاوت در زبان خاطرات "سردار مریم بختیاری" (عامیانه و گویشی) با زبان خاطرات "مشیرالدوله" (معیار و علمی) دیده می‌شود و با خاطرات ادبی نظیر آنچه در کتاب‌های ورق‌پاره‌های زندان، روزها و ... (ادبی، تمثیلی) دیده می‌شود نیز تفاوت بسیار دارد. زبان ادبیِ خاطرات نویسندگان فرهنگی و اجتماعی در قیاس با خاطرات شاعران و رجال درباری تفاوت و تنوع زیادی دارد.Analysis of Literary Language Varieties in Memoir Writing: A Study of Works from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution
Language is one of the key components that influence the audience in various literary and artistic genres and serves as a valuable resource for understanding the social, political, and cultural dynamics of different historical periods. In other words, the study of language reveals the nature and structure of human thoughts and ideas. Persian, like other languages, is not uniform across all geographical regions, historical periods, and social contexts. One of the significant factors contributing to this linguistic diversity is the presence of different subcultures within society, which give rise to various "language varieties." Throughout history, writers and poets have employed different language varieties to express their memories. This linguistic diversity has resulted in distinct stylistic features for each literary work. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the various language varieties in memoir writing from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the research highlight the linguistic differences in memoirs. Since cultural and social differences among various strata of society lead to linguistic and stylistic diversity, the language used in the memoirs of government officials differs significantly from that of cultural and social figures. For instance, the language of Sardar Maryam Bakhtiari's memoirs (colloquial and dialectal) contrasts sharply with that of Moshir al-Dowleh (standard and scholarly) or literary memoirs such as Waraq Pareh-ha-ye Zendan and Ruz-ha (literary and allegorical).
Introduction
Language, influenced by geographical, cultural, and temporal factors, exhibits various forms shaped by the profound and pervasive cultural and social diversity of each society. The innovative expressions in memoir writing from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution reflect the vitality and richness of the Persian language. Memoir writing is a valuable resource for understanding the literary, linguistic, and stylistic structures of different historical periods. This phenomenon flourished after the Constitutional Revolution during the mid-Naseri era, influenced by modern European ideas, and attracted the attention of three groups: political figures, court officials, and literary-cultural personalities. Each group wrote memoirs for personal reasons, employing different language varieties to express their thoughts, beliefs, and personal lives, depending on their social status and target audience. Given the evident differences in the memoirs written by cultural, political, and court figures, this study aims to examine the linguistic distinctions among these three groups.
Methodology
This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings are based on library research, drawing from historical and literary books and related materials. The study examines the different language varieties in memoir writing from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution.
Findings
Among the three groups of memoirists—cultural-social figures, political figures, and court officials—the use of dialectal and colloquial language is more prevalent among political figures, though this depends on the level of education of the memoirists. Those who received traditional education tended to use standard language, while colloquial and dialectal expressions were more common during the Constitutional Revolution compared to later periods. In the memoirs of court and political figures, the language and writing style do not adhere to the conventions of scientific or literary texts. Unlike literary memoirists, these writers are not bound by many writing principles. In contrast, memoirs written by poets and writers typically employ a highly literary and allegorical language. The type of vocabulary used, the linguistic differences among individuals with various professions and positions, the use of titles and honorifics, and similar elements can be extracted from memoirs with literary or political themes. The memoirs of political and court figures from each period have their own distinct language and style, maintaining a consistent tone throughout the text. In contrast, literary memoirists have the freedom to choose specific literary language and vocabulary based on the subject matter, using either formal or colloquial language and incorporating words popular during their time. This provides researchers with a comprehensive overview of the literary and cultural conditions of the period.
Conclusion
In the study of language varieties, attention must be paid to different types, including scholarly, literary, colloquial, dialectal, vernacular, and professional. These linguistic varieties are the starting point for differences in the style and content of memoirs. Despite the wide range of language varieties, the language of memoirs generally falls into three categories: literary, standard, and colloquial. Memoirs are written for various reasons, such as self-justification, bias against others, revealing personal lives, discussing political and social issues, and depicting the conditions of the time. The difference in their audiences—general public versus specific groups—is one of the factors contributing to linguistic variation . Many memoirs are written in a literary (descriptive and indirect) style, where the author or poet seeks to convey their message through elaborate language, using literary and allegorical techniques to express unspoken aspects of their personal lives. In contrast, many memoirs written by political figures use standard and simple language, guiding the reader to understand the author's intentions without adhering to many writing principles. Additionally, many memoirs are written in dialectal and colloquial language, with authors using coarse and impolite words to express personal motives.
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