پیشنهاد الگویی برای حل دشواری های معنایی ابیات بحث برانگیز غزل حافظ با تمرکز بر مقولل ارتباط های واژگانی
آرشیو
چکیده
آگاهی بر ظرافت های شعر حافظ به دلیل جایگاه ویژه این شاعر در میان ایرانیان، در طول تاریخ مطالعات ادبی همواره امری خطیر و شایان توجه بوده است. ازهمین رو تک تک غزل ها و یک یک ابیات شعر او، محل توجه و بحث صاحب نظران است. در این میان ابیاتی هم بوده که به دلیل دشواری معنا و تفسیر، موضع اختلاف میان شارحان بوده است. برای حل این مناقشات شارحان راه های مختلفی پیش گرفته اند؛ اما درنهایت بسیاری از این اختلافات حل ناشده باقی مانده است. درهمین راستا در این پژوهش که به شیوه تحلیلی-توصیفی انجام پذیرفته، تلاش شده است تا با تمرکز بر انواع ارتباط های موجود میان واژگان غزل حافظ، روشی برای حل مناقشه ابیات دارای دشواری معنایی پیشنهاد شود. در این مسیر از سه نظریه شناخته شده انسجام لغوی هالیدی و حسن، الگوی خوانش نشانه شناسانه شعر ریفاتر، و مقوله تقابل های دوگانه در نشانه شناسی ساختارگرا بهره گرفته شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد تمرکز بر انواع ارتباط های واژگانی اعم از ترادف، تناسب، شمول معنایی، اشتراک مجازی، تضاد، و تقابل نقش به سزایی در تشخیص معنابُن های اصلی حاکم بر غزل دارد و خواننده حرفه ای حافظ می تواند ازطریق تشخیص و استخراج این معنابُن ها، ابهامات معنایی موجود در غزل را مرتفع سازد. برای سنجش میزان کاربردی بودن، دو بیت بحث برانگیز «ای دل، شباب رفت و نچیدی گلی ز عیش ...» و «هرکه چون لاله کاسه گردان شد ...» در سایه الگوی یادشده مورد خوانش قرار گرفت که نتیجه امر از کارآمدی این الگو در فهم معانی نهفته و حل معضلات معنایی شعر حافظ حکایت داشت.Proposing a Model to Solve the Semantic Difficulties of the Controversial Verses of Hafez's Sonnet by Focusing on the Issue of Lexical Connections
Understanding the subtleties of Hafez’s poetry has always been a critical and noteworthy endeavor in the history of literary studies due to the poet’s unique standing among Iranians. Consequently, his ghazal and sometimes certain verses of his poetry have been a subject of attention and debate among scholars. Some verses have been particularly contentious due to their semantic complexity and interpretative challenges, leading to varying opinions among commentators. Despite various approaches taken by scholars to resolve these disputes, many disagreements remain unresolved. In this descriptive-analytical study, an effort has been made to propose a model for resolving semantic difficulties in Hafez’s verses by focusing on the types of lexical connections within his ghazals. This research utilizes three well-known theories: Halliday and Hasan’s lexical cohesion, Riffaterre’s semiotic theory of poetry, and the category of binary oppositions in structuralist semiotics. The findings indicate that focusing on various types of lexical connections, such as synonymy, congruence, hyponymy, metaphorical commonality, antonymy, and opposition, plays a significant role in identifying the underlying sème governing the ghazals. A professional reader of Hafez can, by identifying and extracting these sèmes, resolve the existing semantic ambiguities in the ghazals. To assess the practical applicability of this model, two controversial verses, “Ay Del Shabāb Raft-o Nachidi Goli ze Omr” [O heart, youth has gone, and you did not pick a flower of joy] and “Har Ke Chon Lāleh Kāseh Gardān Shod” [Whoever circled the bowl like a tulip], were analyzed using the proposed model. The results demonstrated the model’s effectiveness in understanding the hidden meanings and resolving the semantic issues in Hafez’s poetry.
Introduction
Given the significant importance of Hafez’s poetry and thought among Perian literature enthusiasts throughout the history of this nation’s literature, numerous figures have endeavored to interpret and elucidate the poems and ideas of this great poet. This importance has led to some of Hafez’s verses becoming points of contention among commentators, with occasionally conflicting opinions presented in their commentaries. These differences in opinion, alongside the various methods employed to overcome the semantic challenges of Hafez’s poetry, motivated the present study to explore a model for analyzing and resolving the semantic difficulties of contentious verses based on other verses and the words and phrases within the encompassing ghazal. In this context, the study seeks to utilize some well-known theories in the field of critical text reading, including Halliday and Hasan’s theory of lexical cohesion, Michael Riffaterre’s proposed semiotic theory of poetry, and the category of binary oppositions in structuralist semiotics regarding the relationships between words. The paper analyzes and interprets two contentious verses from two different ghazals within this framework.
Research Method and Theoretical Framework
In lexical cohesion, the subject of text cohesion is examined with a focus on the relationships among words. Undoubtedly, there is a connection and relevance among the words present in a text, considering the author’s intention and purpose. Accordingly, a critic, in the role of a text analyst, can identify and analyze these relationships to uncover the primary sèmes or the core meaning of the text’s creator. In this context, the meanings of disputed or ambiguous words can also be identified through recognizing this core. Riffaterre, emphasizing the existence of two reading levels—mimetic and semiotic—in the process of reading poetry, considers the former as based on understanding meaning through referencing the poetic propositions to external realities. He clarifies that in this level, where poetry is read vertically from beginning to end, issues may arise that disrupt the reading and comprehension process. He that at this stage, the “superreader” must seek to discover the unifying factor hidden behind the apparent signs of the poem. According to Riffaterre, the superreader will be able to make other parts of the poem meaningful through uncovering this unifying factor, or what he terms the “matrix”. Riffaterre’s suggestion for reaching the matrix is a close reading of the poem. In this process, the reader discovers and extracts the text’s “lexical accumulations” and “descriptive systems” and strives to find the hidden meanings behind them. A significant part of the structuralist semiotics perspective is based on examining binary oppositions. In this approach, dual pairs in two opposing poles with positive and negative value charges organize a network of concepts in the text, where careful consideration can significantly aid in understanding the text’s complexities.
Research Method
This article employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing an approach derived from three theories: Michael Riffaterre’s semiotic reading, Halliday and Hasan’s theory of cohesion, and the theory of binary oppositions. Two ghazals by Hafez are analyzed and examined using this approach.
Conclusion
This article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of lexical connection analysis in resolving the semantic complexities of Hafez’s ghazals, focusing on two contentious verses. The analysis of these verses and the corresponding ghazals indicates that focusing on lexical connections and the networks formed by these connections, and attempting to extract the underlying sèmes, enables the proficient reader of Hafez to discern the overall atmosphere of the ghazals. Once this is achieved, a re-reading of the ghazal within this general atmosphere allows for the identification of the hidden significances and meanings of the poetry.
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