کارکرد حقوقی، قانونی و قضایی آتشکده ها در شاهنامه فردوسی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
آتشکده ها در شاهنامه، افزون بر جایگاه دینی خود از کارکردهای دیگری ازجمله کارکرد حقوقی، قانونی و قضایی نیز برخوردارند. اشاراتی که در این باره وجود دارد از اهمیت نقش و جایگاه آتشکده ها به عنوان بخشی از مراکز مهم اجرای قانون و امور قضایی، عمل به تعهدات فقهی- حقوقی، و پیوستگی فراوان میان قوانین و مجازات های صادره از سوی شاهان با رویکردهای مذهبی خبر می دهد. مقاله پیش رو با بهره گیری از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی نقش آتشکده ها در زمینه «قواعد قضایی»، «قراردادهای اجتماعی» و «پیمان های دینی» براساس اشارات شاهنامه خواهد پرداخت. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که در شاهنامه، پیوند عمیقی میان کارکردهای اقتصادی - سیاسی آتشکده ها با کارکرد فقهی- حقوقی، قضایی وجود دارد و آتشکده ها، بستر مناسبی برای عمل به تعهدات دینی و اجتماعی (وقف، اَدای نذر و سوگند)، و پیشگیری از وقوع جرائم و یا کاهش آن ها به شمار می آیند که این مهم، در سیاست شاهان ساسانیِ شاهنامه به روشنی آشکار است؛ از طرفی، آتشکده ها محل هایی برای زدودن جنبه اجتماعی و فقهی گناه و جرم از افراد (گناهکار/ مجرم)، یا آمرزش روانِ درگذشتگان بوده اند که این امر در قالب مجازات های گوناگون، و همچنین کفاره و وقف در شاهنامه انجام می گیرد که هر دو این موارد، به صورت مالی (نقدی و غیرنقدی) و غیرمالی (تنبیه گناهکار/ مجرم) مرسوم اند.The Legal and Judicial Function of Fire Temples in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi
Besides the religious and spiritual aspects, the fire temples mentioned in the Shahnameh have also other functions including legal and judicial aspects. The references in this regard indicate the role and the position of the fire temples as a part of important law enforcement centers and judicial affairs, fulfilling juridical-legal obligations, and also the very deep bond between the laws of kings and the punishments issued by them with religious approaches and attitudes. Using descriptive analysis methods, current article will demonstrate the role of the fire temples from the Shahnameh in the fields of "judicial rules," "social contracts," and "religious contracts." The results indicate that there is a very deep connection between economic-political and juridical-legal as well as judicial functions of the fire temples in Shahnameh, and also the fact that the fire temples were counted as suitable platforms for the fulfillment of religious and social obligations (endowments and fulfilmenting vows and oaths), prevention of crimes and its reduction, which was clearly evident in the politics of Sassanid kings of Shahnameh. On the other hand, fire temples were places to remove social and jurisprudence aspects of sin and crime (the sinner or the criminal). They were also a place for forgiveness of the souls of the deceased, which has been carried out in the form of various punishments, or atonements and endowment in Shahnameh, both in the pecuniary and non-pecuniary forms. The non-pecuniary atonement in Shahnameh is demonstrated as punishing the criminal or sinner, and the pecuniary atonement was paid in cash and non-cash (illiquid) forms. Key Words: Fire temple, Law, Crime, Punishment, Atonement, Endowment, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Introduction: In the past, legal approaches and judicial rules had very deep connections with the religious beliefs of societies, and religious centers had an important role in drafting and implementing laws; the things that are implied from surveying Shahanameh, Zoroastrian legal works, (in particular"Madian Hazardadestan" )and other historical sources about fire temples, it clearly shows that these centers are juristic-legal and legal places for the implementation of many judicial orders and laws, and they were also customary-religious rules which ruled in the society as well as conventional contracts between people. Meanwhile, the role of Shahnameh’s kings and their orders as well as punishments that were tied to fire temples are very interesting. Method: Using descriptive analysis methods, the current article will demonstrate the role of the fire temples from the Shahnameh in the fields of "judicial rules," "social contracts," and "religious contracts." Discussion: The legal and judicial functions of fire temples in Shahnameh are: Judicial punishment and decriminalization: Sending the criminal to the fire temple to repent and apologize" is one of those punishments in Shahnameh, and its implementation is directly related to the fire temples: it means that in the punishment aspect, taking advantage of the capacity of religious beliefs and arousing religious conscience in the sinner ( due to sin, compunction and afterlife issues) or social criminal( due to the committed crime) is seen. Additionally, in some of Shahnameh’s crimes, the guilt and the fear of their afterlife punishment are discussed; in these cases, people for repentance try to decrease their guilt by donating gifts to the fire temples. Tax supervision and its connection with fire temples: Shahnameh’s hints imply the relationship of Mobadan and fire temples with judicial arbitration in various parts including, inspections and issuance of tax penalties. Paying vows and endowments to fire temples In Shahnameh, different cases of financial endowments (cash and non-cash) to the fire temples are seen. Meanwhile, kings and other people donated various gifts to the fire temples for different reasons, including ( thanksgiving, vow, victory, compunctio
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