دو روایت از یک حق: آزادی مطبوعات در ایران و آمریکا؛ مطالعه ای تطبیقی
آرشیو
چکیده
رسانه ها به عنوان رکن اصلی جوامع مدرن، نقش محوری در شکل دهی افکار عمومی، نظارت بر عملکرد دولت ها و گسترش اطلاعات ایفا می کنند. با پیشرفت فنّاوری و ظهور رسانه های جدید در عصر دیجیتال، اهمیت و تأثیرگذاری رسانه ها بر ابعاد مختلف زندگی فردی و اجتماعی بیش ازپیش آشکار شده است. در این راستا، مطالعه و تحلیل نظام حقوقی حاکم بر رسانه ها در کشورهای مختلف، به عنوان ابزاری قدرتمند برای درک بهتر نقش و جایگاه رسانه ها در جوامع گوناگون، شناخته می شود. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش تحلیلی- تطبیقی، با بهره گیری از منابع حقوقی، تحقیقات پیشین و تحلیل قوانین و رویه های قضایی، شباهت ها و تفاوت های موجود در نظام حقوقی رسانه ای ایران و آمریکا بررسی شده است. تمرکز اصلی بر مفاهیمی مانند آزادی بیان، حق دسترسی به اطلاعات، مسئولیت مطبوعات، جرائم مطبوعاتی و نظارت بر رسانه ها است. نتایج نشان می دهد هر دو کشور به آزادی بیان به عنوان ارزشی اساسی باور دارند، اما در اجرا، محدودیت ها و تفسیرهای متفاوتی را شاهد هستیم. همچنین، ساختار مالکیت رسانه ها در این دو کشور تفاوت های چشمگیری دارد: در آمریکا، مالکیت عمدتاً خصوصی و متنوع است، درحالی که در ایران، بخش قابل توجهی از رسانه ها تحت مالکیت یا نظارت دولت و نهادهای دولتی قرار دارند. پژوهش نتیجه می گیرد که درک این تفاوت ها و شباهت ها برای بهبود قوانین رسانه ای در هر دو کشور ضروری است.Two Narratives of a Single Right: Freedom of the Press in Iran and the United States; A Comparative Study
The digital age has been accompanied by profound transformations in the field of information and communication technology. These transformations have significantly impacted all aspects of human life, including the media sector. Media, as a powerful tool for shaping public opinion and advancing democracy, plays a central role in modern societies. However, these rapid and extensive changes have brought new challenges for legal systems and increasingly highlighted the need to review and adapt media laws to new conditions.In the digital age, media laws serve as a legal framework for media activities, playing a vital role in preserving freedom of expression, regulating cyberspace, developing the digital economy, maintaining national security, and ensuring public order. These laws help create a safe and healthy environment for information exchange and the free expression of ideas by defining the rights and obligations of various actors in the media sphere. Additionally, media laws contribute to greater transparency and accountability in the media by regulating the relationships between the government, media, and citizens, and preventing the misuse of media.The rapid evolution of technology and the emergence of digital platforms have created multiple challenges for media laws. Among these challenges are the high speed of technological changes, the definition of abstract issues such as freedom of expression and privacy, conflicts of interest, the globalization of media, and the accountability of online platforms. For instance, artificial intelligence and machine learning have raised new questions regarding the accountability of algorithms and the dissemination of misinformation. Furthermore, determining the boundary between freedom of expression and the dissemination of hate speech or fake news has always been a subject of debate.To address these challenges, there is a need for comprehensive and collaborative approaches. Some of the most important solutions include: flexibility of laws, international cooperation, engagement with stakeholders, development of media literacy, and the use of regulatory technologies. However, it is essential to ensure that these technologies are designed to respect user privacy.Research in the field of media laws is particularly important for better understanding the challenges and opportunities present in this area and providing appropriate solutions. By conducting comparative studies on media laws in different countries, one can identify the strengths and weaknesses of domestic laws and take steps to improve them. Additionally, research in this field can contribute to the development of legal theories concerning media, strengthen international cooperation, and enhance democracy.Given the complexities of this era, the formulation and implementation of effective and efficient media laws require special attention and comprehensive collaboration. Comparative analysis of media legal systems can help develop democracy, strengthen human rights, and combat global threats.In this context, studying and analyzing the legal system governing media in various countries is recognized as a powerful tool for better understanding the role and position of media in diverse societies. In this research, using an analytical-comparative method, and utilizing legal sources, previous studies, and analysis of laws and judicial practices, the similarities and differences in the media legal systems of Iran and the United States have been examined. The main focus is on concepts such as freedom of expression, the right to access information, press responsibility, press offenses, and media regulation. The results indicate that both countries believe in freedom of expression as a fundamental value, but in practice, we observe different limitations and interpretations. Additionally, the structure of media ownership in these two countries shows significant differences: in the U.S., ownership is primarily private and diverse, while in Iran, a significant portion of the media is under the ownership or supervision of the government and state institutions. The research concludes that understanding these differences and similarities is essential for improving media laws in both countries.Furthermore, the research addresses the contradictions of a country that claims to be the cradle of freedom of expression. American history is filled with examples that show that this country, despite its claims of defending freedom of expression, has in practice suppressed various social movements. From the civil rights movement of African Americans to anti-war protests, we have always witnessed restrictions on freedom of expression. In recent years, student protests against the Gaza war and the "Black Lives Matter" movement have faced harsh police responses. Additionally, the extensive restrictions imposed on social media for political and economic interests highlight the existing contradiction between the claim of freedom of expression and the reality. The reasons for these contradictions include ambiguous definitions of freedom of expression, changing political priorities of governments, new tools of repression, and the conflict between freedom of expression and political interests.Ultimately, while freedom of expression is a fundamental value, there are many significant limitations to this freedom in practice, and when conflicts arise between this claimed freedom and political interests, it is attacked in the most severe and unjust manner.
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