شناسایی موانع تحقق سیاست های توسعه پایدار گردشگری در ایران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
طی دهه های اخیر، تأثیرات زیست محیطی و اجتماعی صنعت گردشگری در خط مقدمِ مسائل جهانی قرار گرفته است؛ بنابراین به اطمینان از اجرای شیوه های پایدار در صنعت گردشگری نیاز شدیدی وجود دارد؛ چراکه تخریب محیط زیست و پیامدهای اجتماعی آن بر مقصدهای گردشگری تأثیرات مخربی برجای گذاشته است. با وجود ابعاد گسترده این تأثیرات، ملاحظات پایداری عمدتاً تا امروز مفهومی بوده و به عملکرد گسترده صنعت تبدیل نشده است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی زمینه های تحقق نیافتن توسعه پایدار گردشگری در ایران، با وجود مطرح شدن آن در بیش از دو دهه اخیر است. برای رسیدن به اهداف تحقیق، با استفاده از پارادایم تفسیری، رویکرد کیفی و راهبرد تحلیل محتوا، داده های کیفی گردآوری شده از مصاحبه های عمیق با نرم افزار مکس کیودی ای تجزیه وتحلیل شد. داده های تحقیق از مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته با چهارده نفر از ذی نفعان این صنعت در بخش های مختلف دولتی، خصوصی و دانشگاهی آشنا به رویه های توسعه پایداری گردشگری به روش هدفمند و گلوله برفی گردآوری شد. تجزیه وتحلیل داده های کیفی تحقیق حاکی از شناسایی موانع تحقق توسعه پایدار گردشگری در ایران در قالب سه مقوله اصلی است. این سه مقوله شامل موانع دولتی، موانع اجتماعی فرهنگی و همچنین موانع در بخش عرضه است که از 22 کد اولیه برآمده از متن مصاحبه های انجام شده، شناسایی و دسته بندی شدند. نتایج در قالب جدول و نمودار درختی مکس کیو دی ای ارائه شد. روایی و پایایی نتایج پژوهش با شاخص های کرسول و محاسبه کاپای کوهن (759/.) مورد سنجش قرار گرفت.Identifying the Implementation Barriers of Sustainable Tourism Development Policies in Iran
The environmental and social effects of the tourism industry have been at the forefront of global issues. Therefore, there is a strong need to ensure the implementation of sustainable practices in the tourism industry, because the destruction of the environment and its social consequences have left destructive effects on tourism destinations. Despite the broad dimensions of these effects, sustainability considerations have been largely conceptual to date and have not translated into widespread industry practice. The purpose of this research is to examine the areas of non- implementation of sustainable development of tourism in Iran, despite the fact that it has been raised in more than two decades. using the interpretive paradigm, qualitative approach and content analysis strategy, the qualitative data collected from in-depth interviews were analyzed with MaxQDA software. The research data was collected from semi-structured interviews with 14 stakeholders of this industry in various government, private and academic sectors familiar with the procedures of sustainable development of tourism in a targeted and snowball method. Findings research data indicates the identification of obstacles to the implementation of sustainable development of tourism in Iran in the form of three main categories. These three categories include government obstacles, socio-cultural obstacles and also obstacles in the supply sector, which were identified and categorized from the 22 primary codes emerging from the text of the conducted interviews. The results were presented in the form of a table and a MaxQDA tree diagram.Keywords: Sustainable Development. Tourism. Barriers. Content Analysis. MaxQDA. Iran 1. IntroductionThe need to plan for tourism in a more sustainable way is evident through the developments that have taken place around the world since the United Nations conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. In this conference, tourism was identified as one of the five main industries needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (Theobald 1998; Budeanu 1999; Pryce 2001). In 1995, the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council published Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry. The purpose of this document was to create systems and procedures to include sustainable development considerations in the decision-making process of tourism companies. In this guideline, the importance of partnership between the government and the industry is emphasized and it shows the benefits of sustaining the entire industry, not just the special sector of ecotourism (Pryce 2001).Paris (2001); He believes that despite the international recognition that the tourism industry needs to move towards sustainability, most of the actions taken until now have been mainly conceptual and have not been translated into widespread industry practice. It is therefore important to understand why the movement towards sustainability in the tourism industry has been relatively limited in order to determine how the industry can be encouraged to introduce more sustainable practices (Diamantis 1999; Bramwell and Alletorp 2001; Pryce 2001; Dodds 2005). ).In order to determine how the tourism industry can move towards sustainability, it is necessary to examine the obstacles that hinder sustainable tourism. Finally, the goal can be to develop strategies to reduce these obstacles and advance the industry. In order to contribute to this knowledge, a study was conducted by examining the obstacles to the realization of sustainable tourism development policies in Iran. This study investigated a paradox in tourism sustainability. Because positive attitudes about sustainability were evident from most of the stakeholders. However, sustainability initiatives were not yet implemented.2. Literature ReviewSustainable tourism is an approach compatible with the environment and the culture of societies for travel, which is increasingly being accepted by destinations. (Chambers, 2022) One of its main benefits is helping to preserve and protect the environment. (Bridgewater & Rotherham, 2019) This helps maintain the well-being of local communities, creates economic opportunities and jobs, and ensures the long-term viability of the tourism industry. A study by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) found that sustainable tourism practices, such as reducing energy and water consumption and promoting environmentally friendly transportation options, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse and help limit the loss of biodiversity (Sharpley, 2021). In addition, sustainable tourism can preserve cultural heritage sites and traditional practices and bring significant economic benefits to local communities. In addition, a study by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) shows that sustainable tourism is a catalyst for creating jobs, increasing income and promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (Geoffrey Deladem, 2021).Finally, accessing the status quo provides an opportunity to contribute to a deeper understanding of this important and rapidly evolving field and to provide recommendations for moving forward toward a more sustainable future for tourism. Sustainable tourism has become an emerging and controversial topic in recent years, as the negative effects of traditional tourism on the environment and local communities become more apparent (Novy & Colomb, 2021). Sustainable tourism aims to minimize these negative impacts while maximizing positive economic, social and cultural benefits for local communities (Sharpley, 2020). The concept of sustainable tourism has been widely discussed, but its implementation in practice is not so simple (Guo et al., 2019). The biggest challenge for implementing sustainable tourism is balancing the often conflicting interests of different stakeholders (Szromek et al., 2021).3. MethodologyThis research was carried out with the aim of identifying the obstacles to the realization of sustainable development in Iran's tourism industry in order to contribute to the comprehensive development of the country in the tourism industry. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, qualitative data collected from in-depth interviews were analyzed using the MaxQD software using interpretative paradigm, qualitative approach and content analysisstrategy. Therefore, an in-depth study on the obstacles to the realization of sustainability guidelines in Iran's tourism was carried out, taking into account the gaps in previous researches using a qualitative method.The samples of this research are based on stratified sampling from different groups: 1) Government experts who are involved in tourism development projects with a sustainable approach. 2) The private sector that seeks to apply sustainable practices in their businesses. 3) University experts who research sustainable tourism development policies. The reason for using this method for sample selection is to use the perspective of different sectors in the tourism industry to identify obstacles comprehensively. Therefore, the interviewees of this research are classified from different sectors of the tourism industry, who are aware of the obstacles to realizing sustainability in the tourism structure of Iran. The sampling method is targeted and snowball.4. ResultsAccording to the investigations carried out based on the data obtained from in-depth interviews with experts in this field and their analysis using the content analysis technique and MaxQD software, finally 3 main categories were identified. 1) First category: government 2) Second category: socio-cultural factors. 3) The third category: supply.5. ConclusionThis research was carried out in order to determine the main obstacles to realizing the sustainable development of tourism in Iran from the perspective of three major groups of stakeholders of this industry, including the public sector, private sector and academics who are involved in its processes. Due to the nature of the subject and its exploratory nature, a qualitative approach and content analysis strategy were used to achieve the research objectives, therefore, the number of 14 experts in different groups was defined in a purposeful and snowball way based on predetermined indicators in this study. They participated. Electronic library and document studies showed that there is an important research gap in this field, despite the fact that two decades have passed since this concept was introduced, in Iran's tourism industry. The results of this research, based on the frequency of the primary identified codes shown in the tree diagram of the Max map of this research, determined that the main obstacles of the tourism industry are related to the category of supply sector obstacles, followed by government and socio-cultural sector obstacles with the highest frequency. They had the primary codes (Figure 1). In general, 22 primary codes were obtained from the primary data obtained from in-depth and semi-structured interviews, of which 10 primary codes were in the category of supply barriers related to private sector businesses, and 7 primary codes centered around the category of government barriers. and finally defined 5 primary codes of socio-cultural barriers to the sustainable development of Iran's tourism industry. Among the three identified categories including; Supply, governmental and socio-cultural obstacles as the results of this research in order to align with the results of other similar researches that were mentioned in the research background. In this way, it can be concluded that the category of government obstacles in this research is in line with the results of the research of Reed, Schwab, Mehrabi et al. Also, the category of socio-cultural barriers that was identified is similar to the results of Sidi et al., Lunet et al., and Mehrabi et al. The supply sector, which mainly refers to the obstacles in tourism businesses, is to a large extent one of the innovative aspects of this research and was not specifically mentioned in other researches.
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