بررسی تأثیر بلاغی بازتاب شخصیت های اساطیر یونانی رومی در شعر معاصر افغانستان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اسطوره، توصیفِ شاعرانه مناظر سترگ طبیعت و گردانندگان مرموز پدیده های طبیعی و فراطبیعی است که خاستگاه عواطف آدمی را با بینش شاعرانه توجیه می کند و با کنش خیال انگیزی ارزش بلاغی دارد. به همین دلیل اسطوره با ماهیت بینامتنی همواره در آثار ادبی بازتولید شده و در توسعه معنایی، بلاغی و زیباشناختی آثار ادبی نقش بارز و برجسته داشته است. شاعران فارسی زبان از گذشته های دور تا کنون به انواع عناصر اسطوره ای ملل مختلف ازجمله به اساطیر یونانی- رومی توجه کرده و از کارکردهای متنوع این اسطوره ها در کاربست مفاهیم مختلف سود برده اند. شاعران معاصر افغانستان نیز باتوجه به بازتولید اساطیر یونانی- رومی، مفاهیم مختلف را بازتاب داده و از ظرفیتِ این گونه های اساطیری بهره برده اند. پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی تحلیلی مبتنی بر آرای بینامتنیت «ژرار ژنت»، تأثیر بلاغی بازتاب اساطیر یونانی- رومی را در شعر فارسی معاصر افغانستان بررسی و تحلیل می کند. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهد که شاعران معاصر افغانستان اساطیر یونانی -رومی را به صورت های تلمیحی و اشاری بینامتنیت ضمنی، در جملات خبری و امری با اغراض ثانوی هشدار، تحذیر، تأسف، توبیخ، ستایش، توصیف، ترحم، بزرگ نمایی و قباحت زدایی به واسطه آرایه های اغراق، تلمیح، اسلوب معادله، تشبیه و استعاره بازآفرینی کرده اند.A Study of the Rhetorical Effect of Reflecting Greco-Roman Mythological Characters in Afghanistan's Contemporary Poetry
Myth is the poetic expression of great landscapes of nature and mysterious directors of natural and supernatural phenomena, which justifies the origin of human emotions with poetic vision and has rhetorical value with imaginative action. For this reason, myth, with its intertextual nature, has always been reproduced in literary works and has played a prominent role in the semantic, rhetorical, and aesthetic development of literary works. From the distant past until now, Persian language poets have paid attention to all kinds of myths, including Greco-Roman mythology, and have benefited from the diverse functions of these myths in the application of various concepts. Afghanistan's contemporary poets have reflected different concepts and benefited from the capacity of these myths, considering the reproduction of Greco-Roman mythology. Therefore, the current research, using a descriptive-analytical method, based on the intertextuality theory of Gérard Genette, examines the rhetorical effect of Greco-Roman mythology reflection in Afghanistan's contemporary poetry. The results of this research show that Afghanistan's poets have often reflected Greco-Roman mythology in the form of implied intertextuality. These poets have re-created myths to reflect social, romantic, mystical, didactical, resistance, and ideological concepts, as model, idealistic, and charismatic characters, in declarative and imperative sentences. Keywords : Afghanistan's Contemporary Poetry, Greco-Roman myths, Intertextuality, Gérard Genette. Introduction Literature is the mysterious house of myths, and myths are one of the most important sources of inspiration and fertility in literary creations, which, having a two-way relationship, help each other with different actions and functions in survival, continuity, and development. For this reason, literary works in terms of mythological rhetoric, are an endless treasure full of mythological elements, which myths over time, with ups and downs, in literature's different layers, have survived and helped to rebuild and change each other. On the other hand, myth is one of the components of world culture. It is recreated in written and oral works due to its symbolical value in imagination, in a symbolical, narrative, and imaginative form, in connection with the reflection of different concepts. This re-creation occurs due to the myth's intertextual nature, and poets create themes and images according to the different capacities of these culturalized narrating symbols. Greco-Roman myths, as a prominent part of the mythological elements of the world, have always been recreated in Persian poetry. For this reason, poets have reflected various concepts with the help of literary, rhetorical, and aesthetic capacities of these myths and have made optimal use of the role of such myths, with differences in approach. Afghanistan's contemporary poets have drawn different images with the help of Greco-Roman myths and have benefited from the diverse capacity of these myths in the semantic, aesthetic, literary, and rhetorical development of their poems. Materials and Methods This research analyzed the rhetorical effect of reflection of Greco-Roman mythological figures in Afghanistan's contemporary poetry. For this reason, in this research, the poems of Abdul Rahman Pazhwak, Bareq Shafiei, Abdul Hai Aryanpur, Asadollah Habib, Sarwar Azarakhsh, Abdul Qayum Qawim, and Azim Shahbal have been selected as case study samples, so that their poems have been analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method, based on Gérard Genette's Intertextuality theory. Research Findings Intertextuality is one of the new approaches to literary criticism that was founded in the 20th century. This approach examines and studies how texts are related. This new approach was invented by Julia Kristeva. Roland Barthes expanded it from a simple plan to a significant theory. With the opinions of Laurent Jenny and Michael Riffaterre, it was expanded from theoretical topics to a practical field. Gérard Genette used this approach to categorize any relationship between texts and called this relationship "Transtextuality". Based on Genette's theory, every phenomenon that openly or covertly links a text with other texts is called transtextuality. In this approach, the relationships of the texts are categorized into types of intertextuality, paratextuality, metatextuality, hypertextuality, and architextuality, and each of them examines the connection of texts based on the relationship. For this reason, myths are recreated throughout history in literary works. Afghanistan's contemporary poets, being aware of this capacity, have benefited from the rhetorical effects of myth to express various issues and have sought help from the diverse roles and functions of myths. These poets have recreated mythical characters of "Narcissus, Echo, Pan, Venus, Prometheus, Achilles" as allusion, allegorical, and implied intertextuality in the reflection of romantic, erotic, socialist, ideological, resistance, didactical, and patriotic concepts, and have created literary images with the help of myths recreating. Discussion of Results and Conclusion Considering the results of the present study, it can be concluded that: Afghanistan's poets have recreated the myths of "Narcissus, Echo, Pan, Venus, Prometheus, and Achilles" in allusive, simile, and allusion forms of implied intertextuality, and have reflected concepts of romantic, erotic, socialist, ideological, resistance, didactic, and patriotically with the help of expressed myths. Afghanistan's contemporary poets have greatly benefited from the rhetorical capacities of Prometheus, due to the reflection of socialist, resistance, and ideological concepts. Because "Prometheus" is symbology a symbol of rebellion and resistance and a manifestation of justice and anti-tyranny. For this reason, Afghanistan's contemporary poets have used this Greco-Roman myth to encourage people to form national resistance movements to fight against domestic tyranny. According to the signs of paratextuality and architextuality, Afghanistan's contemporary poets often have used Greco-Roman myths to reflect the political-social situation, express romantic feelings, describe didactical concepts, resistance, and ideological concepts according to the aesthetic characteristics of romantic, socialist, and resistance poetic currents, didactical, mystical, idealistic, and charismatic characters. Greco-Roman myths have been recreated in the contemporary poetry of Afghanistan in news and imperative sentences with the secondary purposes of warning, regret, rebuke, praise, description, atmosphere, expression of greatness, expression of importance, compassion, exaggeration, and removal of ugliness. These myths have been recreated in allusive, metaphorical, and allegorical structures with the depth of proportion, exaggeration, and simile as a model of commitment, loyalty, narcissism, autocracy, sacrifice, rebellion, standing, awareness, kindness, beauty, life, and ideal heroes.
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