تشبیه چیزی به خودش (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تشبیه یکی از ساده ترین راه های تصویرآفرینی است. سخن شناسان همواره انواع تشبیه را به صورت مبسوط بررسی کرده اند. تشبیه چیزی به خودش ازجمله تشبیهاتِ نایاب در بلاغت به شمار می آید که در نزدِ علمای بیان توجیه ناپذیرمی نماید. به زعم آنها این تشبیه خاصیتِ خیال برانگیزی ندارد و ذهن برای درک آن کوششِ چندانی نمی کند. با وجود این نمونه هایی از تشبیه چیزی به خودش را در ادبیات فارسی می توان ملاحظه کرد. این تشبیه در شعر شاعرانی مانند عطار، نظامی، مسعود سعد، جمال الدین اصفهانی، مولانا، ظهوری ترشیزی، اخوان ثالث و امین پور دیده می شود. بلاغت پژوهان هندی مانند میرزا خان بن فخرالدین محمد، سراج الدین علی خان آرزو و آزاد بلگرامی تأملات دقیقی دربابِ این تشبیه انجام داده اند. مقاله حاضر در استوارداشت این نکته است که تشبیه چیزی به خودش یک سره تهی از ارزش های ادبی نیست و در برخی موقعیت ها می تواند کارکردی خلاقانه داشته باشد. ما در این مقاله که به شیوه توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام گرفته است به بررسی ابعاد مختلف تشبیه چیزی به خودش پرداخته ایم. ابتدا آرای کتب بیانی مختلف را درباره این شگرد بلاغی بررسی کرده و سپس جزئیات آن را شرح داده ایم. در پایان بحث نیز اغراض این نوع از تشبیه را برشمرده ایم. تنزیه، تأکید و بیان کمالِ عظمتِ ممدوح مهم ترین مقصودِ شاعران و نویسندگان از ساخت تشبیه چیزی به خودش بوده است.Likening Something to Itself
Simile is a straightforward method of creating imagery extensively discussed by rhetoricians. However, comparing something to itself is a rare form of simile in rhetoric and has been deemed unjustifiable by scholars. They argue that this simile lacks imaginative properties, requiring little effort for comprehension. Nevertheless, examples of self-comparison can be found in Persian literature, particularly in the works of poets, such as Attar, Nizami, Masoud Saad, Jamaluddin Esfahani, Molana, Zahoori Tarshizi, Akhwan Taalih, and Aminpour. Indian rhetoricians, including Mirza Khan Bin Fakhruddin Muhammad, Sirajuddin Ali Khan Arzoo, and Azad Belgrami, have provided detailed reflections on this simile. While simulating something to itself may not be entirely devoid of literary value, it can serve a creative purpose in certain contexts. In this descriptive-analytical article, we investigated the various dimensions of self-comparison. Initially, we reviewed the perspectives presented in different rhetorical books regarding this rhetorical technique and subsequently delved into its intricacies. Finally, we outlined the purposes behind employing this type of simile with a primary focus on poets and writers aiming to emphasize and express the perfection of Mamdouh's majesty. Keywords : Simile, Likening Something to Itself, Contrast, Artistic Value, Indian Rhetoric. Introduction Simile is an essential component of imagery in poetry and holds a significant place in rhetorical books. The oldest surviving work on Persian poetry, Hadaiq al-Sahar, provides a definition of simile as follows: "It is when a writer or poet likens one attribute to another attribute and the object they liken is called the 'like', while the object they compare it to is called the 'similar'". This book, written in the mid-6 th century, sheds light on the early understanding of similes in Persian literature. The author identifies 7 types of similes: absolute simile, conditional simile, metonymy, assimilation, opposition, use of pronouns, and superlatives. In Arabic rhetoric, Mubarid (died 285 A.H.) categorizes similes into 4 groups: excessive, unfortunate, close, and improbable. Over the centuries, rhetoric scholars expanded upon these initial divisions, eventually identifying around 40 types of similes in contemporary times. One of the key concerns of rhetoric experts has been to explore the artistic value and effectiveness of similes. From the earliest development of similes, discussions have revolved around their quality and likability. For instance, Shams Qais Razi described the concept of being more pleasing and complete as an artistic assessment that led to the preference of one simile over another. In contrast, incomplete or incorrect similes (including self-comparisons) did not align with the taste of critics and failed to capture their attention. The "comparison of something to itself" is one such simile that, according to expressive scholars, lacks utility and fails to evoke admiration or surprise. This type of simile was considered so lacking in wonder and novelty by ancient thinkers that they paid little attention to it. Their argument stemmed from the belief that even the laziest of minds could easily create a likeness to itself, questioning the beauty or value of such a simile. In this article, we aimed to explore the intricacies of self-comparison and address several questions: What are the earliest examples of this simile in Persian literature? When did discussions about this analogy first arise? What purposes can be attributed to it? What do contemporary rhetoricians think about this simile? And how have modern poets and writers utilized it? Our research hypothesis posited that comparing something to itself is not entirely devoid of literary value and can serve a creative purpose in specific contexts. In fact, it has been a source of inspiration for the creation of beautiful examples in both classical and contemporary literature. Materials & Methods The research methodology employed in this article was a descriptive-analytical approach. This approach involved examining and analyzing existing literature and texts to gain insights and draw conclusions about the topic at hand. The materials used in this study primarily consisted of Persian literature, including poetry from various periods. The researchers analyzed and studied the works of poets from different eras, ranging from the 6 th century to contemporary times. These literary sources served as the foundation for exploring the presence and significance of the simile of something to itself in Persian literature. The methods employed in this study involved a thorough examination of the selected literary texts. The researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis of the poems and writings of various poets, paying close attention to instances of self-comparison and their aesthetic and creative qualities. They also referred to the works of rhetoric scholars and critics to understand the historical and contemporary perspectives on this type of simile. Additionally, the researchers referenced and synthesized the ideas and viewpoints of previous scholars, who had discussed the simile of something to itself in Persian literature. This study incorporated the findings and insights of these earlier analyses to build upon the existing knowledge and contribute to a deeper understanding of the subject. Overall, the materials and methods employed in this article involved a descriptive examination of Persian literature and an analytical approach to analyzing the simile of something to itself. By synthesizing the existing knowledge and conducting a comprehensive analysis, the researchers aimed to shed light on the significance and utilization of this simile in Persian literary traditions. Research Findings Poets from the Khorasani Style exhibited an extroverted nature and tended to focus more on reality. Consequently, they employed expressions and innovations in a moderate manner, emphasizing simple forms of literary art. They also placed importance on describing the details of nature. Due to these tendencies, the phenomenon of self-comparison (at least within the scope of our research) was not observed in the poetry of this period. However, from the 6 th century onwards, the situation changed. Poets of this era inherited a rich literary tradition and believed that "the ancients had not left any wisdom unspoken in the events of the world". Consequently, they sought modernization and employed a "strange, new, and distinctive approach" to ensure that their repetitive words did not become monotonous. This motivation, combined with a dominant focus on the poet's ego, resulted in a narrower and slower imagination. The first instances of self-comparison emerged against this backdrop in the 6 th century. The intention behind employing "comparing something to itself" differed between expressionist poets and mystical poets. Each group created this simile according to their own unique aesthetic standards. In contemporary times, innovative and creative uses of simile have taken self-comparison to new heights, incorporating various and at times complex forms of this simile. When used creatively and in accordance with the context of speech, comparing something to itself can introduce novelty and delight the reader. Furthermore, it can broaden the dimensions of the world, expand the realm of meanings, and enhance the scope of discourse. Discussion of Results & Conclusion A simile is predicated on a false assertion. If a simile were based on truth, such as comparing one chair to another, our words would cease to possess imaginative qualities. A simile must be surprising and defy logical believability or acceptability in order to retain its status as a simile. Consequently, rhetoricians perceive the simile of something to itself as lacking imaginative properties and do not acknowledge it as a legitimate simile. Nevertheless, there exist rare instances of this simile in both ancient and contemporary Persian literature, with the earliest evidence dating back to the 6 th century. Poets of that era, driven by their desire to secure a significant place in literary history, sought innovation and novelty. Consequently, they introduced unique and exceptional similes, including the simile of something to itself. Mystical poets like Attar and Rumi, influenced by their philosophical and theological foundations, sought new avenues of expression and created similes that resembled themselves. Indian rhetoricians of the 10 th and 11 th centuries of Hijra were the earliest scholars to engage in in-depth reflections on this simile and since then, no new ideas have been proposed on the subject. In the last century, writers and poets explored the potential of this simile in various ways and we included evidence of their endeavors in this article. Poets, such as Akhwan Al-Talih and Aminpour, sought to present new instances of this simile, aiming to create innovative works of art that deviate from established norms and literary conventions. The purposes of employing self-comparison encompass criticism, condemnation, rendering the likeness repugnant, expressing the perfection of praise, and emphasizing or expressing disappointment in the qualities of the likeness. Due to the scarcity of this simile in Persian literature, it is challenging to classify its types. Therefore, we must inevitably rely on the conventional divisions found in works on rhetoric and examine it based on elements, such as the presence or absence of similes and comparisons.
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