بررسی شباهت ها و تفاوت های آرای افلاطون و ارسطو در خصوص مفهوم «بازنمایی تصویری» و مقایسه آن با بازنمایی تصویری نوین
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر به تحلیل آرای افلاطون و ارسطو و افتراقات و اشتراکات این دو دیدگاه در خصوص بازنمایی تصویری پرداخته و سپس نسبت آرای آن ها را با بازنمایی در هنر مدرن یا بازنمایی نوین مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. مقاله حاضر با رویکرد تحلیلی، یکی از معضلات فلسفی معاصر، یعنی بحران بازنمایی را در حیطه هنرهای تصویری مدرن، بر پایه دیدگاه های سنتی تر، مورد واکاوی قرار می دهد. روش پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی تحلیلی است و این رویکرد به پژوهشگر این امکان را می دهد که حوزه های گوناگون مرتبط با موضوع اصلی را از حیث اشتراکات و تفاوت هایی که در مبنا دارند، مورد توجه قرار دهد. مبنای این پژوهش اندیشه های افلاطون و ارسطو در محاورات و آثار متأخرتر افلاطون و آثار ارسطو در باب هنر است. در حیطه بازنمایی تصویری نوین نیز بیشتر به چند اثر مهم تجسمی دوره مدرن توجه شده و با آرای اندیشمندان نامبرده تطبیق داده شده است. این پژوهش روشن می کند که نظریات هنری افلاطون و ارسطو مطابق با دیدگاه هنری رایج در زمان خود بوده و قابل تعمیم به تمام اعصار نیست؛ و بازنمایی نوین نیز بر اساس واقعیت های کنونی و واقعیت انسان هایی با هویت متکثر صورت می گیرد. بنابراین، هنرهای دیداری جدید، برخلاف دیدگاه کلاسیک، در مسیری حرکت می کنند که هرچه بیشتر رابطه میان بازنمایی تصویری و مرجع آن در واقعیت را کم رنگ تر جلوه دهند و یا به طورکلی از بین ببرند.Examining the similarities and differences of Plato’s and Aristotle’s opinions regarding the concept of visual representation and its comparison with modern visual representation
Introduction: With an analytical approach, this article analyzes one of the contemporary philosophical problems, namely the crisis of representation in the field of modern visual arts, based on more traditional perspectives. The current research method is descriptive-analytical, and this approach allows us to pay attention to various areas related to the main topic in terms of their commonalities and differences. The basis of this research is the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle in dialogues and later works of Plato and Aristotle about art. In the field of modern visual representation, more attention has been paid to some important visual works of the modern period and it has been adjusted with the opinions of the mentioned thinkers. The oldest famous theories about art in Western philosophy were proposed by Plato and Aristotle. One of the most important issues raised by these two thinkers about art is the issue of representation and the relationship between art and it, which can be examined from different angles. Plato and Aristotle spoke more about drama than any other art, but they also mentioned other arts. "Both [Plato and Aristotle] believe that painting is also a kind of imitation (realism) by nature. Plato describes painting as holding a mirror in front of objects. From the Platonic-Aristotelian point of view, what painters try to achieve is the reconstruction (or reproduction) of objects, persons, and events. Their view of painting comes from their culture" (Carroll, 2012, 35). "In the opinion of Plato and Aristotle, being a work of art requires that the piece in question is an imitation or imitation of something. Today, after about a century since the emergence of abstract painting, this theory is false it seems" (Ibid, 36). The relation of representation and its relationship with reality has always been a matter of concern for thinkers who have paid attention to how humans know the world, and in general, after the emergence of metaphysical thinking in Greece and Plato's theory of ideas, the absence of the reality of phenomena in front of humans as a pre- The assumption was considered and representation was considered a necessity.Research Questions: In the current research, three basic questions can be asked: 1- What is the concept of representation from the point of view of Plato and Aristotle, and what are the differences and similarities between the views of these two? 2- What is the concept of representation in the new era and what changes has it made compared to the classical view? 3- What is the ratio of Plato's and Aristotle's opinions with the new representation?In this context, the hypotheses are as follows: 1- Plato and Aristotle did not consider the arts apart from representation, but Plato had a negative attitude towards it and Aristotle a positive one. It is the classical period and the relationship between the work of art and the real thing has taken other relationships. 3- Although the concept of representation and reality has changed in the new period, in a sense, new representation can be searched for in works of art.Research Literature: In the field of imitation or imitation and representation and ideas of Plato and Aristotle regarding this concept, Mohammad Maddpour in his book Acquaintance with the opinions of thinkers on art (Madaddipour, 2011), about the works of Plato and Aristotle, well explained the opinion of these two thinkers. It explains about representation. Also, in the book Truth and Beauty(Ahmadi, 2010), Babak Ahmadi studied the ideas of these two thinkers in the field of defining art and the place of imitation and representation in it in the topics of beauty and ideas in Plato's dialogues as well as beauty and imitation in Aristotle's book. Babak Ahmadi, in the book Creation and Freedom, (Ahmadi, 2014), has discussed the common definitions regarding the issue of representation. In this context, in the book Philosophy of Art, (Lacoste, 2013), has explored representation in the history of philosophy. Ali Ramin, in his book Philosophical and Sociological Theories in Art, (Ramin, 2013), also stated some things about representation from the point of view of Plato and Aristotle. In his book Introduction to the Philosophy of Art, (Caroll, 2013), Noel Carroll extensively explored the representation in art and reviewed the views of Plato and Aristotle. Carroll then presents an analytical discussion about neo-representation. Mark Rawlins, in an article titled "Image Representation" in the collection of articles Aesthetics Encyclopedia, (Rawlins, 2006), has discussed the category of representation from the perspective of new art and has discussed several pioneering categories in the division of types of representation. Rosalyn Hursthouse in the book Representation and Truth, (Hursthouse, 2009), before presenting representation in the image, first examines this concept in the opinions of Plato and Aristotle and then this concept in the modern era.Discussion: Even though Plato and Aristotle shared the concept of representation in the imitative view of objective reality, and for this reason, neither of their ideas are convincing and include the art of the contemporary period, Aristotle speaks a little more open-minded than Plato. In other words, Aristotle has a more flexible view compared to the authoritarian view of his teacher. Aristotle considers art to be the simulation of mental images resulting from the observation of nature. And unlike Plato, he holds it in high esteem. The same sentence that Aristotle says, "The artist creates reality not as it is, but as it should be", can include a wide range of late artistic styles in the definition of representation in art. For example, a surrealist painter can claim based on Aristotle's definition that he has represented reality in his artwork as it existed in his imagination. Or an abstract expressionist painter can say that his work is a representation of some kind of reality; by mentioning that our definition of reality is of course different from its Aristotelian definition.
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