تحولات اجتماعی دهه های چهل و پنجاه شمسی و شکل گیری روستاگرایی نوستالژیک در کتاب های کودک و نوجوان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در دهه های چهل و پنجاه شمسی تغییرات عمیقی در ابعاد مختلف زیست اجتماعی ایرانیان رخ داد. از جمله این تغییرات می توان به رشد سریع و نامتوازن شهرنشینی اشاره کرد که پیامدهای اجتماعی مختلفی به همراه داشت. علی رغم توجه به بسترهای اجتماعی در تبیین تولیدات گوناگون فرهنگی و هنری این دوران، این موضوع در ارتباط با کتاب های کودک و نوجوان چندان مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار نگرفته است. لذا این پژوهش به طرح این پرسش پرداخته که چرا با وجود حرکت جامعه دهه چهل شمسی به سمت شهرنشینی و شهرگرایی، مولفه های زندگی روستایی در کتب کودک و نوجوان به فراوانی بازتاب داده شده است؟ هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی تاثیر تحولات اجتماعی این دوران بر کتاب های کودک و نوجوان است. نمونه های پژوهش شامل 5 6 کتاب از مجموعه کتاب های انتشارات کانون پرورش فکری کودکان و نوجوانان است که در فاصله سال های 1345 تا 1357 منتشر شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف توسعه ای، از نظر روش تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها کیفی، از نظر گردآوری داده ها اسنادی و مطالعات کتابخانه ای است و از لحاظ روش تحقیق نیز توصیفی-تحلیلی است. یافته های پژوهش حاضر حاکی از آن است که همزمان با توسعه (نامتوازن) شهر و شهرنشینی و گسترش مدرنیزاسیون شتاب زده در ایران در دهه های چهل و پنجاه شمسی، و در واکنش به بحران های ناشی از این تغییرات، نوعی نوستالژی نسبت به سنت و به طور خاص روستا به وجود آمد که در کتب کودک و نوجوان در قالب روستاگرایی نوستالژیک و آرمانی سازی زندگی روستایی پدیدار شده است.Studying the social developments of the 40s and 50s and the formation of nostalgic ruralism in books for children and teenagers
In 1960s and 1970s, deep changes took placed in different dimensions of Iranian social life. Among these changes, the rapid can uneven growth of unbanization can be mentioned, which was the result of the events such as implementation of land reforms, the development of bureaucracy and government institutions, the increase in oil price and government revenues, as well as implementing the modernization program in an accelerated way by the government. These changes has also had an effect on intellectual and cultural representations, and various researchers have studied this topic in cultural and artistic works of these years. In spite of paying attention to the social contexts in the explanation of the various products of these years, this topic has not been given much attention by researches in relation to the pictur books for children and adolescents. After the implementation of new government policies in the field of culture and education, new institutions were established to implement these policies. One of these measures was the foundation of children and Adolescent Intellectul Development center in 1965. Following the foundation of children and Adolescent Intellectual Development center’s publication in 1966, this institution acted as one of the most important custodians for policy making, production and publication of the picture books for children and Adolescents. After that, a wide range of intellectuals, authors, poets and illustrators started working with this institution. Thus, a new chapter was born in the production of children picture books in Iran, as a result of which many works and books were printed and published with the participation of influential social subjects of the 60s and 70s, and made available to the public. Considering the importance of the above, It can be stated that the review of published works of this years is very important from the perspective of social developments. However, referring to the research background indicates that most of research conducted in this area are either providing descriptive and historical information or looking for visual similarities and case and shape analysis. Therefore, this research addressed this question that why, despite the movement of society in 1960s towards urbanization and urbanism, the components of rural life have been frequently reflected in children books. The aim of the present research is to identify the impact of social developments of these years on children picture books. The present research is a developmental research in terms of aim and will rely on the available concepts and theoretical basics related to the ruralism and nostalgia and social developments of the 60s and 70s, and will use these concepts in the relation to picture books of children and adolescents published during these years. In terms of data collection, this research is a library and documentary research. The present research data has been analyzed qualitatively. In this regard, by analyzing the themes and images of selected books, 15 categories were extracted, and then the existence of its textual and visual representation was examined. The present research method is descriptive- analytical. The research samples include 6 books from the books collection of children and Adolescents Intellectual Development Center’s publications, which were published between 1966- 1978 and these samples have been purposefully selected. The present research does not claim to generalize the findings to all works related to the picture books for children and adolescent in these years. According to the research findings, it can be said that there are different elements and components in the selected samples that evoke nostalgic ruralism. The components such as daily rural life, respect for nature and animals, animals role, illustrating flowers and beautiful nature, the role of shepherd or a free single, emphatic use of natural elements such as mountains, plain and …, the image of rural jobs, negative illustration of city and rural life, latent knowledge, ability and happiness in the village, lack of showing the rural life difficulties, rural characterization, evocative colors, evocative landscape, collectivism and collective work and transfer of culture and ancestors heritage are among the most important componenets that exist in both the text and the pictures of these works. So, we can say that along with the (uneven) development of city and urbanization and the spread of accelerated modernization in Iran in 1960s and 1970s, and in response to the crises caused by these changes, a kind of nostalgia to the tradition and specifically the village emerged, which has emerged in children picture books. In the form of nostalgic ruralism and idealization of rural life. These works, rather than addressing the future and present needs of children, were a place for expressing the hopes and problems with which social subjects were struggling. Because in critical conditions, the past always seems more stable and reliable than the present. In these conditions, in a contradictory way, the works that should have illustrated the future based on the present and its realities, have projected it and illustrated nostalgia to avoid it. According to the above, these works can be considered as valuable examples of the reflection of social developments.
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