اعتبارسنجی تبادر پساتشریعی در خوانش گزاره های فقهی حقوقی؛ مدخلی بر اصلاح قوانین اسلامی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
حکم و موضوعی که در سنت کتبی به مردمان امروز رسیده است، بر فهم ما از الفاظ استوار است. کژفهمی یا حقیقی پنداری معانی مجازی، بی تردید آسیب های هولناکی در امر استنباط به بار می آورد. این دغدغه ، علمای علم اصول را بر آن داشته تا در راستای کشف معنای حقیقی واژگان و احتراز از کژفهمی، نشانه هایی را پی جویند. «تبادر» نزد امامیه، مهم ترین بلکه یگانه سنجه معنای حقیقی است. ارباب دانش را دور از نظر نیست که تبادر از اشکالات ثبوتی و اثباتی مصون نمانده است؛ لذا پژوهش گران در این جستار که با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با هدف اعتبارسنجی تبادر پسا-تشریعی صورت پذیرفته است، ضمن شرح ایرادات وارد شده بر تبادر توسط علمای شرق و غرب و بررسی راه حل های ارائه شده، برخی اشکالات را از ساحت تبادر زدوده اند و لاجرم برخی را چنان ستبر انگاشته اند که اعتبار را از این سنجه می ستاند. ناکامی تبادر در بُعد اثباتی، تأثیر مستقیم بر قوانین مبتنی بر فقه دارد و می تواند موجبات اصلاح آن را فراهم آورد؛ زیرا قوانین اسلامی، علی الخصوص قوانین ماهوی که غالباً ابتناء بر نظرات فقیهان دارد، محصول استظهار قانون گذار از مستندات فقهی است و چنانچه معنای موضوع یا حکم در گزاره فقهی با تبادر ظنی اثبات شده باشد که مطابق با نتیجه پژوهش تبادر ظنی فاقد اعتبار است، حکم مستفاد از مستند فقهی از حجیت ساقط است؛ این امر قانون گذار را به بازنگری در بسیاری از قوانین فرامی خواند.Post-Legislative Validation of Spontaneous Mental Occurrence [Tabador] in the Interpretation of Legal-jurisprudential Propositions: An Introduction to the Reform of Islamic Codified Laws
Introduction The concept of "spontaneous mental occurrence" or "Tabador" (springing to the mind first) plays a critical and intricate role within Islamic jurisprudential theory and practice. The term, deeply rooted in the tradition of Principles of Islamic jurisprudence [Usul al-Fiqh], denotes an immediate and intuitive perception or understanding of concepts without the need for deliberative thought. This concept is pivotal for understanding how Sharia rulings are derived and applied. In Islamic jurisprudence, the relevance and applicability of a Sharia ruling depend fundamentally on its subject matter; the ruling is only operative if its respective subject exists. Thus, the spontaneous mental occurrence helps bridge the cognitive gap between the abstract rule and its practical subject, making the law's application both possible and meaningful. In the context of legal reform, especially within the framework of Islamic codified laws, understanding and validating the role of spontaneous mental occurrence becomes crucial. This is due to its potential to either solidify or undermine the legitimacy and effectiveness of legal interpretations and applications in contemporary contexts. Research Question The primary research question of this article is: how does spontaneous mental occurrence [Tabador] influence the interpretation of legal-jurisprudential propositions in the post-legislative validation process of Islamic codified laws? This question is examined through the lens of both traditional Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary legal challenges, seeking to establish whether this concept can consistently provide a reliable basis for interpreting the words of the lawgiver as they were intended at the time of legislation, and how it translates into current legal applications. Research Hypothesis The hypothesis posited in this research is that spontaneous mental occurrence, while historically significant and deeply embedded in Islamic jurisprudential practice, may face substantial challenges in its application to modern legal systems due to the dynamic nature of language and societal evolution. These challenges primarily involve the conjectural nature of interpreting historical texts with contemporary meanings, which may lead to discrepancies between original legislative intents and current understandings. The research aims to assess the validity of spontaneous mental occurrence in bridging these interpretative gaps, with a focus on whether it can be reliably used without succumbing to conjectural inaccuracies and historical disconnections. Methodology & Framework, if Applicable This article employs a doctrinal and critical approach, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine the concept of spontaneous mental occurrence in principles of Islamic jurisprudence. The research framework is multidisciplinary, drawing from both Eastern and Western philosophical traditions, including the works of prominent philosophers and logicians such as Ibn Sina and Martin Heidegger, as well as Islamic scholars of Islamic jurisprudence. This broad perspective allows for a comprehensive analysis of the concept from various philosophical and legal angles. The methodology involves a critical review of historical and contemporary texts on principles of Islamic jurisprudence, analysis of case studies where spontaneous mental occurrence has been applied, and a comparative study with other legal systems where similar concepts might exist. Additionally, the research incorporates discussions with contemporary Islamic scholars and jurists to understand current perspectives and applications of spontaneous mental occurrence in legal interpretations. This blend of theoretical analysis and practical inquiry is designed to thoroughly examine the strengths and weaknesses of relying on spontaneous mental occurrence for legal interpretation in the modern era. This framework is intended to not only validate the concept of spontaneous mental occurrence from a historical and theoretical viewpoint but also to critically assess its applicability and effectiveness in contemporary legal scenarios, where the distance between the time of legislation and current application poses unique challenges. Through this multidimensional analysis, the research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how spontaneous mental occurrence can function as a tool for legal interpretation and reform in the context of Islamic codified laws. Results & Discussion The investigation into the role of spontaneous mental occurrence [Tabador] in the interpretation of legal-jurisprudential propositions reveals both complexities and significant insights. The research highlights that while spontaneous occurrence is a fundamental concept within Islamic jurisprudence, it encounters critical challenges when applied to the interpretation of laws in a contemporary context. Firstly, the study found that spontaneous occurrence often does not consistently bridge the gap between the historical meanings of words and their current interpretations. This inconsistency is primarily due to the dynamic nature of language and societal evolution, which can lead to a divergence between the original intents of the lawgiver and contemporary understandings. This divergence challenges the assertion that spontaneous occurrence can serve as a reliable tool for post-legislative interpretation and validation of Islamic codified laws. Moreover, the research critically addresses the logical relationship between spontaneous occurrence and truth. It underscores that while spontaneous occurrence may reveal a real meaning of a word, it does not necessarily equate to the discovery of the true link between the word and its meaning, which is a more comprehensive and deliberative process. This finding implies that spontaneous occurrence should be viewed as a sign of potential meaning rather than a definitive source of truth. The study points out the risk of conflating these two aspects, which can lead to misinterpretations and subsequent legal inaccuracies. Additionally, the results bring to light the problem of conjecture in spontaneous occurrence. The research elaborates on how jurists, while attempting to interpret legal texts based on their intuitive understanding, may rely on speculative and conjectural assumptions. This reliance is particularly problematic when these interpretations are used to bridge historical and contemporary meanings, often resulting in compounded speculation which lacks a solid evidential foundation. This aspect is crucial because it directly impacts the validity of jurisprudential rulings derived from such interpretations, which can subsequently influence the revision of laws. Another significant finding is the issue of logical circularity associated with spontaneous occurrence. The study explores how spontaneous occurrence can lead to a circular fallacy, where the interpretation of a term depends on an assumed understanding which itself is based on the interpretation. This circularity undermines the reliability of spontaneous occurrence as a method for legal interpretation. However, the research suggests that this problem can be addressed by distinguishing between different types of knowledge—intermediate and detailed—which can help mitigate the risk of circular reasoning.ConclusionThe study concludes that while spontaneous mental occurrence holds a traditional and significant place in Islamic jurisprudential theory, its application in the contemporary interpretation of laws faces substantial challenges. These challenges stem from the inherent limitations of spontaneous occurrence, including its conjectural nature and susceptibility to logical circularities. Furthermore, the research articulates that spontaneous occurrence, by itself, does not always provide a reliable basis for interpreting the true meanings of legal texts, especially when these texts are subject to historical and cultural distances from their original context. This realization necessitates a more nuanced approach to legal interpretation, one that integrates spontaneous occurrence with other interpretative tools and methodologies, such as historical-semantic analysis and the critical use of modern legal theories. The findings underscore the necessity for Islamic jurists and lawmakers to reconsider the reliance on spontaneous occurrence as a sole indicator of legal meanings. Instead, a combined approach, employing both traditional and contemporary interpretative methods, is recommended to ensure that legal interpretations remain relevant and accurate in today's diverse and evolving societal contexts. Finally, the implications of this study are profound for the reform of Islamic codified laws. It provides a scholarly basis for questioning the current interpretative practices and suggests a pathway for reforming substantive laws, including civil and penal laws, which have often been critiqued for not aligning with international norms and human rights standards. By recognizing the limitations of spontaneous occurrence and advocating for a multidimensional interpretative strategy, this research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on legal reform in Islamic countries, encouraging a reevaluation of laws in light of both traditional wisdom and contemporary demands.
تبلیغات
