تأثیر سرمایه های زنان بر نقش سلطه در داستان خسرو و شیرین براساس نظریه کنش پی یر بوردیو (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
خسرو و شیرین حکیم نظامی از منظومه های مشهور فارسی در حوزه ادبیات غنایی است. در این داستان، چهار زن با سرمایه های متنوع وجود دارد. این چهار زن در کشاکش داستان با موقعیت های خاصی روبه رو می شوند و در سیر داستان ناگزیرند از سرمایه ها در جهت منافع خود بهره برند. این پژوهش در یک مطالعه بینارشته ای با استفاده از منابع، اسناد و ابزار کتابخانه ای به روش توصیفی تحلیلی، چیستی و چرایی نوسان سلطه عشاق در منظومه های یادشده را ازمنظر جامعه شناسی و برپایه آرای پی یر بوردیو بررسی می کند. براساس نظریه کنش پی یر بوردیو می توان الگوهای متفاوت بهره وری هریک از شخصیت ها را از انواع سرمایه هایشان بررسی کرد و نشان داد که میدان سرمایه و گرایش های ذهنی این زنان چه نقشی در زندگی آنان ایفا می کند. سرمایه های چهارگانه بوردیو عبارت اند از: سرمایه اقتصادی، سرمایه فرهنگی، سرمایه اجتماعی و سرمایه نمادین. در این پژوهش، این چهار سرمایه در باب چهار زن مهم منظومه، یعنی مهین بانو، شیرین، مریم و شکر بررسی می شوند. یافته ها نشان می دهد این زنان با سرمایه های چهارگانه ای که در اختیار دارند، در میدان های گوناگون، کنشگری دارند و در بخش مسلط میدان ها حضور می یابند؛ اما به دلیل نامتوازن بودن سرمایه ها و ناکارآمدی درکاربست آنها، به جز شیرین هیچ یک توفیق پایداری نمی یابد.The Effect of Women’s Capital on the Role of Domination in the Story of Khosrow and Shirin Based on Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Action
Khosrow and Shirin of Nezami is one of the well-known Persian verses in lyrical literature. In this story, there are four women with various capitals. They, through the conflicts of the story, confront special situations and unavoidably apply their capital toward their benefits. This research is an interdisciplinary study using references and library documents. This descriptive-analytical study analyzes the cause and quiddity of the pendulum (variation) of the lovers’ dominance in the mentioned verses from the sociological viewpoint using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of action. Based on this theory, we can analyze different patterns of productivity of each of the characters according to their capital types and show the role of the capital arena and the mental orientation of woman in their life. In this study, the quadruple capitals of Bourdieu which involve financial capital, cultural capital, social capital, and symbolic capital were analyzed in line with the four prominent women of the verse (Mahin Banoo, Shirin, Maryam, and Shekar). The findings show that women possessing different quadruple capitals are active in different fields and are present in dominant parts, but because of the unbalanced capitals and ineffective use of them, none of them except Shirin attain consistency. Keywords: Khosrow and Shirin verse, Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory, Lyrical Literature, Quadruple Capitals, Domination, Women.IntroductionThe principle in applying a theory should be achieving the new different interpretive results and methodically a systematic precise reading of the text so that the addressee attain a new categorization through which the work analysis would be more enjoyable for him/her in a way that formulates an approach in readers’ mind to increase his/her knowledge in studying texts. There are articles about the women’s role in narrating and exPublicationing their characters. However, the strength of the concept in these studies was always ambiguous and without any examples and the researcher could not exPublication the clear prominent causes of the events. For the first time, Pierre Bourdieu, one of the famous sociologists, noticed this social concept in the capital of the people and theorized it as financial, social, cultural, and symbolic capital. According to Bourdieu’s definition, each individual and society project their action in the form of these four patterns. The acceptance of this approach has been validated to the extent that some consider it imPublicationive in all fields of social sciences. This theory is regarded as the action theory. There are critics against this approach; however, it is considered a kind of norm in the capital analysis of individuals and societies. Another important point with a humanitarian approach which is suggested in this theory is that in spite of the fatalistic viewpoint that believes human fate is affected by supernatural powers, life is not anything but the action of individuals and societies in the field. The authors of the current study have applied this viewpoint in women’s capital analysis in narrating Khosrow and Shirin to analyze the actions of the characters based on the kind of capital they apply to achieve their goals. Materials and MethodsThe methodology in this study is comparative analytic in a way that the content of the lyrical verse of Nezami (Khosrow and Shirin) has been analyzed based on the social viewpoint of Pierre Bourdieu. Other related books written by Pierre Bourdieu used as references are Distinction (2020) and Lesson About Lesson (2019). Research FindingsConsidering Bourdieu’s viewpoint, the importance of women’s capital in Khosrow and Shirin’s process of domination has been studied. Although recently women’s actions regarding their capital have been analyzed in several stories, the women in Khosrow and Shirin have not been analyzed. This study introduces the women characters of the verse (Shirin, Maryam, Shekar, and Mahin Banoo) and analyzes them from the viewpoint of social action and domination of the prominent women characters in the story.The findings show that these women with various capitals enjoy acting in different fields and are present in the dominant part of the fields, but because of the unbalanced capitals and ineffective use of them, none of them except Shirin attain consistency. Symbolic Capital is the capital that dignifies and respects its owner like having a charismatic character and enjoying the situations related to religious, ethnical, and organizational power, and the situations following reverence. Symbolic capital is attributed to any possession and capital including natural, financial, cultural, and social. Considering Bourdieu’s viewpoint, symbolic capital is nothing but financial and cultural when it is recognized and formalized. Discussion of Results and ConclusionClassification of the quadruple capitals of Bourdieu in this verse tells us that Maryam uses all of her capitals in role contention and the story field in order to be the first lady of Iran. On the other hand, Shekar does not have enough capital, and each of her financial, social, cultural, and symbolic capital is less than Maryam and Shirin. On the other side, we have Shirin and her art and her talent in recognizing fields and rivals. She is a skillful antagonist. Maryam has the same capitals and perceptive art as her. Shirin, for the first time, meets Khosrow in spring, which is the symbol of purity, and uses the lord as her cultural dignity capital. She applies her last symbolic and cultural capital (i.e. her innocent spirit) to warm the stabbed lifeless body of Khosrow with her fresh blood, and ultimately, in the last field, she pays with her dignity for the good fame and fidelity to the grandeur of the dynasty. Thereby she made herself eternal in the lyrical literature of the world.
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