نقش ادبیات و نوشتار زنانه در بهبود جایگاه اجتماعی زنان در فرانسه و تأثیر آن بر نوشتار زنانه فارسی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
خلاصه : آغاز قرن بیستم را دوران اوج و شکوفایی ادبیات زنانه دانسته اند اما نوشتار زنانه از دیرباز وجود داشت بدون اینکه هدف نویسندگان آن به تصویر کشیدن ویژگی های زنانه ی نوشتارشان باشد؛ اما زنان نویسنده به تدریج به موضوعاتی پرداختند که در گفتمان مردانه نادیده گرفته می شد و هدف آن ها بازتعریف هویت، شکستن کلیشه ها و تغییر ارزش های از پیش تعریف شده جامعه سنتی بود. در این مقاله بر آنیم با ارائه تاریخچه ای کوتاه از دوران باستان تا به امروز، فعالیت های اجتماعی و ادبی زنان در فرانسه را دنبال کنیم که به بهبود و ارتقا جایگاه زنان در جامعه منتهی می شود، سپس به تعریف ادبیات زنانه، ویژگی ها و مفاهیم آن خواهیم پرداخت و در آخر نگاهی به ادبیات زنانه فارسی خواهیم داشت که تحت تأثیر ادبیات فرانسه و جریان هایی همانند فمینیسم و رمان نو تغییرات بسیاری می کند و نشان خواهیم داد که نویسندگان زن ایرانی نیز برای بهبود جایگاه اجتماعی زنان تلاش بسیار کرده اند.The Role of Women’s Literature ans Writing in Improving the Social Status of Women in France ans its Impact on Persian Women’s Writing
Introduction Women's writing was formed at the beginning of the 20th century following the women's movement to assert their rights, but women have been writing for a long time. Women writers have always tried to project their ideas by using writing and emphasizing female themes, and their goal was to redefine identity, break stereotypes and change the pre-defined values of the patriarchal society. In this article, we are going to follow the social and literary activities of women in France by presenting a short history from ancient times to the present day, which leads to the improvement and promotion of women's position in society, then we will define women's literature, its characteristics and concepts. And finally, we will take a look at Persian women's literature, which changes a lot under the influence of French literature and currents such as feminism and the new novel, and we will show that Iranian women writers have also made great efforts to improve the social status of women. The purpose of this study is to provide a perspective of the historical course of women's literary and social activities, which can open the way for writers to conduct female-centered literary research in the field of comparative literature, and also lay the groundwork for studies in the form of social, psychological and feminist criticism. Methodology The research tool of library resources and research documents is based on content and data research method. In the first part of this article, we follow a path of women's activities in the social and literary fields in France by presenting a short history from ancient times to the present day, then in the second part, we look at the expansion of women's writing and the influence of women's literature on the intellectual and cultural currents of society. We will discuss, and in the third part, we will examine Persian women's literature and how it is influenced by French literature and the role of Iranian women writers in improving the social status of women. Discussion Literary works as the crystallization of individual and social thoughts have had a significant impact on the cultural and social upliftment of the society, in fact, a society can be known by examining the content and topics of its literature. Women have penned the distant past, but literary critics never thought that the writings of women writers could be a reflection of their inner and feminine characteristics. Real questions were raised about women's writing in the 20th century. Until then, only man thinks and does not consider woman as a human being who is the same and different from him at the same time. The written word and therefore literature has been monopolized by men, and the few women who have succeeded in raising their names in the history of world literature have not played a role in its fate and evolution. In fact, the term women's writing includes important concepts; this is because men's novels and writings are never mentioned, and this indicates a kind of intellectual superiority or even the real superiority of men's writings over women's; but women found writing a place for change, which provides the possibility of transforming social and cultural structures. Since women's movements are a social trend and literature is also considered a socio-cultural production, therefore, the mutual influence of these issues on each other can be investigated. Few books have written about the role of women in literature. As a reflection of society, literature is more than anything the fruit of time, place, view and social thought. Women, in turn, have a great contribution to the formation of world fiction. But have women's literature and writing influenced the fate and promotion of women's social status? What factors have played a role in the flourishing of women's writing, and finally, is the issue of women's writing limited to raising a literary feature or is it beyond this field? Due to the dominance of patriarchal culture, the image of women in literature is unrealistic, and in other words, women are interpreted as "other" in most literary works. . "Understanding the relationship between language and gender within the scope of linguistic studies is quite difficult, that's why the involvement of related social, historical and cultural studies is necessary" (Barekat, 2016: 36). Therefore, the social institutions that are reproduced in the literature are not only the expression of the individual thoughts of the artist, but also tell about the conditions of their time and society and are written based on the collective and group consciousness of their period. For a woman, writing was forbidden to enter the world and she always had the desire to violate this prohibition. Since the founding of the French Academy by Cardinal de Richelieu, for a long time only men could become members, and in fact, the Academy was like a guardian temple of the language. A kind of rejection that kept women away from a center of power, namely language. Although the mother is the first person who transmits it to the child, this deprivation actually indicated the reduction of the role of women in society, which led to many struggles to achieve their true position; Therefore, language and, as a result, literature, is the place to express many of women's desires, and they consider it a manifestation of equality between the two sexes. On the other hand, this issue allows them to occupy themselves with the creation of new literary types, create their own literature, and step into the unknown lands of writing. In fact, this non-acceptance by traditional literature prompts them to experience a new literature that is more free and easy. Finally, it can be said that if a writer's writing is considered feminine, it is because we are constantly faced with feminine themes. Expressing the inner experience and female senses is a new achievement of female writers for literature. But "the reflection of women's voices in the field of novels and literature is the only image of gender and social identification, and a review of the literature is indicative of this" (Tavakoli, 2012: 31). Women's writing style or feminine writing and the presence of women in the writing scene as a social phenomenon are not separate from each other because feminine writing is a song of difference and praise of femininity, and this is a kind of recognition for women who had to hide their identity under pseudonyms. It is also considered a social movement. Conclusion The intellectual conditions of the second half of the 20th century and its currents, such as abstract art, Einstein's theory of relativity, nihilism, the new novel, structuralism, the events of May 1968, made it possible for a critical-protest spirit to emerge, which, through access to language and speech, leads to liberation. Women contributed and opened new fields for women's writing in France. Under the influence of feminist trends, female novelists reached a new understanding of femininity and found more freedom to express their opinions and break tradition in the heart of modern fiction writing. In Iran, the number of translations of French works and the inspiration of feminist movements and the new novel provided an opportunity for contemporary women writers to rely more on the form and language of the novel and to experiment with new types of writing. Since 1339 and the birth of women's literature, the social position of women novelists as well as the number, topics and tone of women's novels have evolved significantly. Their widespread presence in the field of story writing was a reflection of the change in thinking and striving for freedom. The period after the Islamic Revolution can be considered as the period of establishing the position of women in the field of fiction writing, in which they sought to redefine their position in society by testing new forms and themes. Therefore, women's literature and writing has played a significant role in the cultural process of the society, presenting a new image of women and promoting their status.
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