تبیین شیوه طراحی نقوش کاشی های ستاره ای شکل کاشان در سده 6تا 8هجری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هنر کاشی گری در ایران سابقۀ کهن و اهمیت والایی دارد. توفیق هنرمندان ایرانی در ساخت انواع کاشی های تصویری، تابش چشمگیری به کاشی های ایرانی بخشیده است. کاشی های زرین فام کاشان بخش ممتازی از این گنجینۀ ارزشمند را تشکیل میدهند. ذوق زمانه و مبانی زیبایی شناسی رایج در این آثار که در مجموعه ای از نقش پردازی های گسترده و همراه با بذل توجهی ویژه به جزئیات نمایان گردیده، نشانگر وجود معیارهای خاصی در تصویرگری این کاشی ها است. آنچه در این گفتار مورد بحث است، نشان دادن تدابیر بصری مورد استفاده در طراحی نقوش کاشی های ستاره ای شکل کاشان برطبق نظریۀ گشتالت میباشد. در این راستا اصلی ترین پرسش های این پژوهش بدین قرار است که: مهمترین اصول رایج در تصویرگری کاشی های ستاره ای شکل کاشان چه میباشند؟ و چه ویژگیهای بصری را بر مبنای نظریه گشتالت در این حیطه میتوان مورد توجه قرار داد؟ نتیجۀ این پژوهش که به شیوۀ توصیفی- تحلیلی و با تکیه بر منابع کتابخانه ای تدوین شده، نشانگر آن است که: هنرمندان برای دستیابی به یک گشتالت خوب، اصولی همچون: مجاورت، منظم بودن، سادگی، بسته بودن و تداوم عناصر بصری را مورد توجه قرار داده اند که این موضوع نشانگر آگاهی هنرمندان و نقش پردازان کاشی های ستاره ای شکل کاشان از ظرفیت های عناصر بصری برای ایجاد ساختاری منسجم و هماهنگ است.A Study on the Designs of Kashan Star-Shaped Tiles from the 6th/12th to 8th/14th Centuries
D ating back to ancient times, tile-work is of great significance in the art history of Iran. As a result of attaining success in making different types, this craft has evolved dramatically. Luster-glazed tiles of Kashan constitute a major part of this precious treasure. A great deal of such tiles offers magnificent display in terms of developing visual elements and designs, and consequently has attracted art dilettantes’ attention. Contemporary artistic taste, common aesthetic principles, diversity of motifs and meticulous attention to details are indicative of the basic, exceptional criteria applied in such tiles’ designs. A representation of visual elements used in the composition of Kashan starshaped tiles on the basis of Gestalt theory is the primary objective of the present essay. Gestalt theorists emphasize that organisms perceive entire patterns or configurations, not merely individual components. Gestalt principles, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and connection, describe how humans perceive visuality in connection with different objects and environments. These principles are under a general law, called Prägnanz. The law says that we tend to experience things as regular, orderly, symmetrical, and simple. As theorists of this realm believe, it is of several geometrically possible organizations that one will actually occur which possesses the best, simplest and most stable shape. Accordingly, the main questions to be answered in this essay are as follows: What are the most important principles in the formation of the designs and motifs in Kashan starshaped tiles? What visual features would be considered on the basis of Gestalt theory in this respect? The results demonstrate that Iranian tile makers gave serious attention to structures and beauty of motifs. Choosing a basic frame is a significant factor in the arrangement of visual elements of the composition. Such a frame provided artisans with a limited polygonal composition to execute the designs and motifs. To execute the desired designs, artists created organized structures the commonest of which could be categorized under radial, symmetrical, center-oriented and active types. The way motifs arranged in the frames was in order of importance. In most cases studied here, the designs and their distinctions were done according to contours. Incidentally, the main motif was placed in the center, usually in bigger size in comparison to others. The way other visual elements are designed to emphasize the main motifs is another point to achieve balance and harmony, best manifested in the Kashan star-shaped tiles. Generally, with a view to evaluating the Gestalt laws in the mentioned tiles, we may claim that achieving the desired quality and composition in such works has been fulfilled with the help of a series of factors, including proximity, similarity, figure-ground, continuity, simplicity, and symmetry, all contributing to lay emphasis on a certain motif. This fact is indicative of the total mastery of designers and painters of the artworks in developing the potentials of visual elements. Putting all these factors together, we can claim that such principles would play a pivotal role in the study and evaluation of Kashan star-shaped tiles’ designs and themes.
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