تحول گفتمان جبهۀ ملی چهارم از مشروطه خواهی به جمهوری خواهی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اگرچه پس از انحلال جبهه ملی دوم و به ویژه بعد از قیام 15خرداد 1342، در برخی نیروهای خارج از کشور جبهه ملی – همچون ابوالحسن بنی صدر و همراهانش– گرایش های جمهوری خواهانه شکل گرفته است که آن نیز وامدار گرایش هایی در جبهه ملی اول، تحت هدایت دکتر حسین فاطمی بود، در نیروهای داخلی نیز افرادی چون داریوش فروهر آن را پذیرا بودند؛ با این حال گفتمان غالب جبهه ملی چهارم از هنگام تأسیس تا چند ماه پایانی حکومت پهلوی «مشروطه خواهی و حمایت از قانون اساسی» بود و در ماه های پایانی منتهی به انقلاب، این گفتمان به سوی جمهوری خواهی حرکت کرد. برای شناخت علل و چگونگی روند این امر، بی واسطه، مواضع گفتاری و شنیداری جبهه ملی (شامل بیانیه ها، سخنان رهبران و مقالات نشریه ارگان جبهه) با روش کتابخانه ای تفسیر شدند. برخلاف تغییر دفعی نظام حاکم بر ایران، این تحول گفتمانی جبهه ملی تدریجی صورت گرفت و از آبان ماه 1357، جبهه ملی از یک اپوزیسیون درون حکومتی به گروه مخالف سرسخت اساس نظام تبدیل می شود. با این حال برخی تضادها نیز در این دوران در گفتمان جبهه ملی مشاهده می شد که بیشترِ آنها ناشی از مصلحت های سیاسی و حزبی بود.The Transformation of the Political Discourse of the Fourth National Front from Constitutionalism to Republicanism
Abstract
Although after the uprising of June 6 th , 1963 republican tendencies, influenced by the first National Front of Iran under the leadership of Dr. Hossein Fatemi, were seen among some members of the National Front of Iran, such as Abolhassan Bani Sadr and Dariush Forouhar, the dominant discourse of the Fourth National Front from its establishment in 1977 until the last few months of the Pahlavi regime was ‘constitutionalism and support for the constitution’. In the last months leading up to the 1979 revolution, this discourse moved toward republicanism and overthrow. To understand this process, we directly interpreted the statements, speeches of the leaders, and the articles of the publication of the National Front organization using the textual discourse analysis method. In this method, the parameters related to the discourses of legalism, revolution, overthrow, republicanism, constitutionalism, etc. have been explored. Based on the results, this change in the discourse of the National Front took place gradually, and the National Front of Iran evolved from an intra-governmental opposition to a group opposed to the establishment of the regime, with a three-point declaration in Paris in November 1978. However, some contradictions can be seen in the discourse of the National Front during this period, which is mostly due to political and partisan interests.
Introduction
The Fourth National Front was one of the groups present during the Islamic Revolution that, like its predecessors (i.e. the First to Third National Fronts) and unlike some other extremist currents, did not have a revolutionary attitude and method, and all of its struggles were committed within the framework of the constitution of the time until a few months before the Islamic Revolution.
Over time, however, its discourse and commitment to the constitutional monarchy changed. This change in discourse is considered the result of the signed three-point statement by the leader of the National Front, Karim Sanjabi, and Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the staunch opponents of the regime, after their meeting in Paris on November 5, 1978.
The question, however, is whether this shift in the National Front discourse from constitutionalism to overthrow and the tendency towards republicanism was formed as quickly as the leader’s statement in Paris. Did all the real and legal (juridical) agents and members of the National Front at the time abandon constitutionalism and become republicans? The present study hypothesizes that this change took shape slowly over the course of a few months and manifested itself in the Paris Declaration.
The most important studies close to the subject of this study are two separate articles by Dr. Alireza Mollai Tavani and Ms. Farideh Bavarian, which have studied the relationship between the National Front and the revolutionary religious movement in two separate periods, from its establishment up to the Paris Declaration and then to the Islamic Revolution. Their titles are respectively: "A Study of the National Front's association with the Islamic Revolution from open political space to meeting with Imam Khomeini" and "An Analysis of Political Behavior of the 4th National Front in Developments Resulting in the Victory of Islamic Revolution (November to February 1978)".
However, the purpose of the authors of the current study is to examine this discourse change and the circumstances around its occurrence differently by using the study of the discourse of the group leaders, official statements, and announcements of the Front and of course their official organization (the National Front newsletter), from the manifestation of its three main leaders (Karim Sanjabi, Shapur Bakhtiar, and Dariush Forouhar) on June 12, 1977, until the fall of the monarchy and the victory of the Islamic Revolution on February 11, 1979.
Materials and Methods
The method of this research is the direct interpretation of the statements, speeches of the leaders, and the articles of the publication of the organization of the National Front by the method of textual discourse analysis. In this method, the parameters related to the discourses of legalism, revolution, overthrow, republicanism, constitutionalism, etc. have been explored.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
Based on the study of how the position of the Fourth National Front changed, we conclude that the transformation of the discourse of the Fourth National Front from ‘constitution and constitutionalism’ to ‘overthrow and republicanism’ was a gradual change. This gradual change can be seen in all three parts of the study (the statements of the National Front, the speeches of the leaders of the National Front, and the publication of the newsletter of the National Front).
The constant policy of the nationalist current in Iran was to defend the full implementation of the constitution and constitutionalism, but in a situation where the legitimacy of this constitution in the public sphere was decreasing day by day, the National Front also decided to coordinate itself with the events of the time. This was in order to keep up with the developments and provide a foothold in the post-revolution era.
However, it was not easy to predict the course of events. Considering that their positions had changed since November 1978, being cautious and the use of ambiguous and multi-interpretable words in their discourse are abundant.
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