ساختار فرهنگ بهار عجم در سه بخش (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
معرفی دقیق یک فرهنگ لغت از طریق پرداختن به ساختار آن شکل می گیرد. این پژوهش ساختار فرهنگ بهار عجم نوشته لاله تیک چند را در سه بخشِ شیوه های مدخل گزینی ، شیوه های آوردن مواد مدخل و ضبط تلفظ بررسی کرده است. پس از مطالعه کامل و دقیق این فرهنگ، در بخش نخست با ارائه آمار، نمودار و شواهد نشان داده شد که مؤلف در این فرهنگِ نوزده هزاروهفتصدوبیست ونه مدخلی، پس از ذکرِ واژه، مشتقات آن را می آورد و بر اساس «یک واژه یا ترکیب»، «قرابت لفظی و معنایی دو واژه یا ترکیب»، «قرابت لفظی و معنایی چند واژه یا ترکیب» و «امثال» مدخل گزینی می کند. این پژوهش در بخش دوم نشان داده است که از میان بیست و پنج روشِ آوردن مواد مدخل در این فرهنگ، بیشترین درصد به «معروف» اختصاص یافته که نشانه پرکاربرد بودن واژه در زبان عموم است و کمترین آن مربوط به «مشهور» است که حاکی از بی نیازی فرهنگ نویس و کاربر از توضیح این نوع مدخل هاست. در بخش سوم پس از بررسی سیر تطور شیوه های ضبط تلفظ در فرهنگ های فارسی پیش از بهار عجم ، شیوه های سه گانه ضبط تلفظ در این فرهنگ با ذکر نمونه آمده است.The Structure of Bahare Ajam Dictionary in Three Parts
Bahare Ajam by Lala Tek Chand is one of the most important dictionaries in the second period of lexicography in the Indian subcontinent. The book consists of 19,729 entries and is more comprehensive in terms of words, compositions, allusions, and poetic proofs compared to the dictionaries of the former eras. The abundant use of sources and opinions for writing and commentary is a prominent feature of this dictionary. Furthermore, Tek Chand uses numerous poetic pieces of evidence in this reference book. His most important work in this field is the evidence selected from the Persian poetry until the time of Bahare Ajam. Due to the great attention of the users and Persian learners of the subcontinent, this book has been published several times in seven periods, and lexicographers frequently use this reference to write books. However, contemporary dictionary scholars have not paid much attention to this book and, quoting each other, have only highlighted the general features of the book. By knowing the methods of lexicographers before Tek Chand and his contemporaries in compiling his book, one can realize the value of this author's work, which is achieved through adequate knowledge of the structures that govern Bahare Ajam . The structure of the dictionary is not summarized in a way that explains why the entries are arranged and how they are arranged, while it covers definition methods, phonological methods, input controls, review of the citation system, and citation and critique methods in dictionaries. In fact, it is a dictionary consisting of macrostructures, microstructures, and middle-structures. The present study aimed to investigate the methods of selecting the entries in the macrostructure section of this dictionary. With the methods of bringing entries and recording pronunciation in the Bahare Ajam dictionary in the microstructure section (first part) and after stating the order, number, and percentage of each entry, it is shown that Tek selects an entry by adding a word and its related derivatives if used. Unlike today's dictionaries, the Bahare Ajam dictionary brings all these derivatives together based on four criteria, including entries based on one word/combination, the verbal and semantic affinity of two words/combinations, the verbal and semantic similarity of several words/combination, and entries and selection of proverbs. Although many of the book's entries (including the separation of sub-words and many poetic combinations) do not meet today's standards, the adoption of these methods could be attributed to the poetic nature of this dictionary. The Persian students of the subcontinent who have been learning Persian could see that instead of referring synonymous entries to each other, many similar verbal and semantic items are merged into one entry so that the user could see all or most of the poetic capacities of the words and combinations together without the need to use other dictionaries. This is an accepted method (especially among subcontinental lexicographers), which should not be measured and considered flawed by today's standards. In the second part of this research, the intervention regarding Bahare Ajam has been discussed. This book has numerous explanations under the entries mostly to guide the users about the type of the entries rather than identifying a specific word. Although most of these explanations are not considered to be definitions in the modern sense in classical dictionaries, they should not be overlooked and ruled out as definitions. We evaluated these explanations, which encompass several input materials. Tek uses 25 methods to bring in the entry material and identify its type. In this research, such methods were highlighted along with examples for each. In several cases, Tek introduces the entries based on usage, grammatical category, and literary features, while defining each word in some cases. Notably, some of these entries are ambiguous for today's users (e.g., the difference between the words ‘famous’ and ‘famous’ in Bahare Ajam ) since no explanation has been provided in this regard. It seems that the ‘famous’ entries of Bahare Ajam had been the most frequently used words and expressions of poetry until the time of the ‘famous’ entries in this dictionary, as well as the most commonly used words and expressions among the users. Undoubtedly, the reference to later entries is one of the few drawbacks of the inclusion of a few entries, which is quite natural and justifiable for the users who have read Bahare Ajam thoroughly. In the third part of the research, the methods of recording pronunciation in the Bahare Ajam dictionary were discussed. For this reason, the evolution of the pronunciation recording methods in pre-Bahar dictionaries was initially discussed, and it was observed that the pronunciation of words is not recorded in many dictionaries due to rhyming, while in others, this is done by determining the movement of some letters or by homogenous words. This method has been widely used by lexicographers; for instance, most of the words in the Dictionary of Definitive Argument are based on concordant words to partially compensate for the book's lack of poetic evidence, which is also a good reason for the popularity of this reference book. In the evolution of pronunciation recording methods, in addition to determining the greater movement of letters and lexicography of the words, a word is mentioned if it has two or more pronunciations. In a few cases, words have become difficult for reasons related to the users or copywriters. The obsessive-compulsive disorder causes some sub-continental lexicographers to record the pronunciation of some non-compound words even in their dictionary of terms and combinations. Although Tek is aware of the previous methods, he has developed novel approaches in this regard with the help of Jahangiri, which has eventually advantaged his work. A slight difference is also spotted in addition to paying more attention to the phonology of words. Tek Chand adopts the methods of using a homogenous word by using short vowels and words to record the pronunciation of words. The first objection is the possibility that the user is unaware of the word ‘homozygous’, especially if the word ‘homogenous’ comes after the entry where the recording has been made.
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