Sources

To achieve a scientific result in the historical research realm, it is necessary to recognize the correct sources. The study and research about the territory of Iran, especially the eastern borders, as one of the research aspects in the field of Safavid studies, is not exempt from this rule. The efforts of the Safavids to maintain control of the Kandahar state and the Jihun River region, and the confrontation with their north-eastern neighbors, the Uzbeks across the river and the Gurkans in India, initiated the transformation in the eastern borders of Iran's territory in the context of political and military relations. Considering the importance of the eastern borders of Iran as to the relations of the Safavids with the Uzbek Khanate and the Gurkans of India, the question here is: What range of sources can be applied to understand the course of transformation and the changes? The method adopted here is descriptive-analytic, to identify the typology of the subject sources, and introduce for assessing the issue at hand.

This research is based on the role of Orientalists in undermining the holy scriptures, specifically the Quran. Many of them have been prejudiced against the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and have greatly exaggerated their hostility towards the Prophet and the Quran. According to their claims, the Quran owes its existence to previous heavenly teachings and religions that preceded it. They argue that Muhammad (peace be upon him) relied on these sources to compose his book. McDonald said: "The Quran is not from God," followed by, Charles Wells (1838), who suggested, "Muhammad created the Quran." Le Bon did not stray far from the previous Orientalists, stating, "The Quran is from Muhammad and authored by him." They further claimed that the divine revelation has multiple sources, including the Torah, the Gospel, the Hanif religion, and pre-Islamic poetry or Muhammad's intellectual and literary genius, which they say contributed to the formulation of the Quran. This research will expand on the discussion of the sources of revelation, focusing on the influence of pre-Islamic poetry and the Jewish and Christian religions. Despite over fourteen hundred years since the Prophet's mission, discussions on this topic continue, and Islam remains subject to distortion. One of the important results of this research is that the Quran is divine; there are many pieces of evidence and testimonies to this effect. It is the final heavenly message, and naturally, it is closely connected with previous scriptures. The claims of Orientalists were born out of deep-seated animosity towards the Prophet and Islam. We used descriptive, historical, and analytical methods to evaluate these sources from the perspective of Orientalists. We then attempt, by referring to the verses of the Quran - this divine and superhuman miracle - and other authentic sources, to critique some of the biased and unrealistic views of the Orientalists and to respond to the misconceptions they presented regarding the sources of divine revelation, whether they claimed it to be from pre-Islamic literature, Judaism, or Christianity.