حرف «بر»از منظر دستور شناختی در 15 اثر از قرن چهارم تا ششم
آرشیو
چکیده
حروف از اجزای مهم زبان هستند که از منظر زبان شناسی و دستور زبان مطالعات متعددی روی آن ها انجام شده است. با این حال، بررسی حروف به عنوان مقوله، جایگاه آن ها در سازه بندی های زبانی، حوزه ها و مؤلفه های معنایی و علل شکل گیری این مؤلفه ها، نقشی که در سازه های زبانی و آفرینش های ادبی ایفا می کنند به ویژه تأثیرگذاری و جایگاه آن ها در ساخت کنایه، مجاز و استعاره هم چنان از خلأهای پژوهشی ست به ویژه در نثرهای کهن فارسی. در مطالعه ای که روی 11 اثر تفسیری و 4 اثرغیرتفسیری از قرن چهارم تا ششم قمری صورت گرفت، هزاران نمونه از کاربردهای گوناگون حروف استخراج گردید. پس از شناسایی 340 حرف فارسی، حرف اضافه «بر» به دلیل اهمیت آن در ساخت مؤلفه های معنایی و آرایه های ادبی انتخاب گردید. در این پژوهش که به روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای انجام شد، تلاش گردید با توجه به داده های آماری و با تکیه بر مبانی دستورِ شناختی به مؤلفه های معنایی «بر»، نوع تأثیرگذاری آن، جایگاهش در سازه بندی های زبانی، چگونگی شکل گیری حوزه ها و مؤلفه های معنایی از جنبه های مختلف،کاربرد و نقشش در شکل گیری آرایه های ادبی و ایجاد معانی ثانویه به ویژه در ساخت کنایه، مجاز و استعاره پرداخته شود. شناسایی 45 مؤلفه معنایی حرف «بر»، خاستگاه هر کدام از مؤلفه ها و بیان حوزه های آن، و هم چنین نقششان در ایجاد کنایه، استعاره، تشبیه، و معانی ثانویه از جنبه های نوآورانه پژوهش حاضر است.A Grammatical Analysis of the Particle "bar" in Early Persian Prose: 4th/10th to 6th/12th Centuries
This study investigates the evolution and semantic variation of the particle " bar " in Persian prose from the 4 th /10 th to the 6 th /12 th centuries AH. This period witnessed significant transformations in grammatical categories and the emergence of novel meanings, particularly within the domain of particles, which is uniquely reflected in both exegetical and non-exegetical works of the period. The heightened focus on accurate translation and interpretation of the Quran during this era spurred scholarly interest in these evolving grammatical features. While subsequent scholarship has examined particles from various perspectives, a comprehensive analysis of particles as grammatical categories, their role in linguistic structures, semantic domain and components, and the historical factors influencing their development, as well as their role in the construction of irony, metaphor, and simile, remains lacking, especially for this period of early Persian prose.
This research addresses this gap by employing a descriptive-analytical methodology. The analysis draws upon a corpus of 51 volumes encompassing 11 exegetical and 4 non-exegetical works. After identifying approximately 340 Persian particles with multifaceted semantic components, the particle " bar " was chosen due to its centrality in the aforementioned issues. Through library research and statistical data analysis informed by grammatical principles, this study explores the following: the syntactic function of " bar " within various linguistic structures; the historical and contextual factors contributing to the formation of its semantic domains and subcomponents; the influence of " bar " in constructing irony, metonymy, and metaphor within the selected texts.
The findings reveal that authors employed both simple and complex structures featuring " bar " to express their ideas and convey Quranic and religious concepts. Moreover, the research suggests that authors paid particular attention to the semantic components of this particle, contributing to the preservation of Persian lexical purity by limiting the influx of non-Persian particles. Exegetical sources played a pivotal role in this regard, often overlooked in previous studies. Additionally, these sources contributed significantly to the expansion of verb meanings. The sources under discussion, with their social, ethical, and historical themes, have successfully crafted engaging prose with distinctive Persian characteristics by strategically employing the particle " bar " and selecting its appropriate semantic components. Beyond its extensive role in conceptualization and creating secondary meanings, the rhetorical function of " bar " in various constructions of metonymy, metaphor, and Irony is noteworthy from a grammatical perspective. In particular, " bar " serves as a pivotal tool in transforming metonymy into a prominent and widely used secondary meaning creator. The analysis reveals that both exegetical and non-exegetical sources have extensively utilized metaphor, following metonymy. Non-exegetical sources, in particular, have effectively employed metaphor to create vivid mental and abstract imagery, ensuring the enduring nature of their works. Irony emerges as the second most significant secondary meaning creator, enabling non-exegetical sources to enhance the imaginative and literary aspects of their prose through the use of " bar ."
A distinctive feature of this research is the identification of 45 interconnected semantic components associated with the particle " bar ." The sheer number of these components surpasses those found in existing dictionaries, grammar books, and previous studies. Another significant novelty is the determination of the works and contexts related to the grammaticalization of these components within the sources under discussion, given their antiquity. Moreover, this study introduces another novel and noteworthy aspect, namely, the identification of various domains associated with " bar ," including location, responsibility, attribution, and others, which are predominantly abstract.
Additional novelties of this research include the presentation of diverse data on the application of semantic components in each of the exegetical and non-exegetical sources. Furthermore, the study provides percentages for the use of " bar " in metonymy, metaphor, and irony, as well as a comparative table illustrating these percentages.