تحلیل مؤلفه ای هم زمانی واژه «شادمانگی» در کلیله ودمنه و نقد بازگردانی آن در بازنویسی های معاصر
آرشیو
چکیده
بازنویسی متون کهن ادبی، روشی برای انتقال مفاهیم آن ها به خوانندگان امروزی است. ازاین رو، بررسی بازنوشته ها، به عنوان نماینده متون اصلی، اهمیت زیادی دارد. معمولاً واژگان در هر مقطع زمانی چند مؤلفه معنایی خاص دارند که در لغت نامه ها کمتر به آن ها توجه شده است. این پژوهش با تکیه بر روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، بر آن بود تا واژه "شادمانگی" را در کلیله ودمنه و با بهره گیری از روش مؤلفه های معنایی تحلیل کند و اهمیت آن ها را در فهم پیام متن بازگوید و درنهایت چگونگی بازتاب این واژه را در بازنوشته های معاصر کلیله ودمنه بررسی و نقد نماید. برای نیل به این هدف در گام نخست با تحلیل زنجیره ای که این واژه در متن اصلی به کار رفته است، مؤلفه های معنایی آن مشخص شد. در گام دوم معادل این واژه در بازنوشته های معاصر استخراج، و با استفاده از فرهنگ های معاصر معانی این معادل ها روشن گردید. در گام پایانی معادل های این واژه نقد و بررسی شد. یافته ها نشان می دهد، واژه "شادمانگی" نسبت به مؤلفه های [+ماندگاری]، [+وابسته به یک اتفاق به یادماندنی] و [+تجدیدشونده بعد از هر بار اندیشیدن بدان] نشان دار است؛ اما معادل های آن در متن بازنوشته، («خوش»، «خوشحال»، «شاد»، «مشعوف») نسبت به این مؤلفه ها خنثی است. به نظر می رسد یکی از موانع قابل توجه برای انتقال پیام متن اصلی، برگردان این نوع واژگان با مؤلفه های ویژه در بازنوشته های کلیله ودمنه است.Synchronic Componential Analysis of the Word Shādmānegi in Kalilah va Demnah and Critique of its Translation in Contemporary Rewritings
Reading and understanding classical literary texts poses a challenge for many modern readers. Rewriting, considered a form of intralingual translation, serves as a method to convey the concepts of these texts to contemporary audiences. This research aims to extract and analyze the uses of the word shādmānegi (joy) in Kalilah va Demnah through descriptive methods and semantic componential analysis, express the importance of these semantic components in understanding the message of the text, and critically evaluate the intralingual translations of this word in contemporary rewritings of Kalilah va Demnah . The study examines rewritings by several authors, including: Khadijeh Vahdāni (2012), Qodsieh Mohammadi (2012), Hamid Mirzā Rezā’i (2014), Rāhel ʿĀbedi (2017), Heliā Abolhasani (2018), Hasti Farrokh (2019), and Fāezeh Hababi (2023). The common feature of these rewritings is that they present Kalilah va Demnah in its entirety for an adult readership. This research seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What are the semantic components of the Persian word shādmānegi as employed in Kalilah va Demnah? , (2) How do the semantic nuances of shādmānegi differ from those of its near-synonyms, such as shād , within the context of the text?, and (3) To what extent do the semantic components of the equivalents used in contemporary rewritings of Kalilah va Demnah align with or diverge from the original Persian word shādmānegi ? This descriptive-analytical study proceeds in two main steps: In the first step, it identifies the contexts in which the word shādmānegi is used in Kalilah va Demnah and analyzes the semantic components of the word. In the second step, the equivalents of shādmānegi which are used in contemporary rewritings are identified, and their meanings are determined using contemporary dictionaries. Then the usage of these equivalents are reviewed in the rewritings. To comprehend the semantic components of words like shādmānegi and shādmāni , it is crucial to examine them within their textual context and collocational chains. In Kalilah va Demnah , shādmānegi and shādmāni appear 5 and 7 times respectively. First, it is necessary to consider the meaning and usage of shādmānegi and shādmān in Kalilah va Demnah and contemporaneous texts. An illustrative example comes from the tale The Hare Who Tricked the Lion to His Death: “The hare returned safely. The beasts inquired about the lion’s condition. The hare replied, 'I caused him to be engulfed in such a way that he was devoured by the earth like Qārun’s treasure.' All mounted the steed of shādmānegi and roamed freely in the secure and comfortable meadow.” This passage concludes the aforementioned tale. In this story, the lion had become a menace to all forest animals, making their lives miserable. The hare, through cunning, lured the lion into a well, leading to his death. When the hare announces the lion's demise to the other animals, "all mounted the steed of shādmānegi and roamed freely in the secure and comfortable meadow.” This context provides insight into the usage and connotations of shādmānegi within the text, setting the stage for further analysis and comparison with contemporary rewritings. Based on this example and others analyzed, shādmānegi is consistently portrayed as a reward for achievement and victory, often manifesting when a group triumphs over an adversary. Etymologically, shādmānegi comprises two root words: shād (happy) and mān (think). Thus, shādmānegi and shādmāni refer to an emotion associated with a highly pleasant event for an individual or group. This emotion is characterized by happiness experienced each time the event is thought about or remembered. A comparison of the semantic components of shādmānegi with its equivalents in various translations reveals that these equivalents are not absolute synonyms. Shādmānegi carries specific semantic information such as: [+permanence], [+associated with a memorable event], and [renewable with each recollection]. In contrast, the equivalents used in translations ( khosh , khoshhāl , shād , mashʿuf ) are more neutral and can be considered unmarked words according to contemporary dictionary definitions. These unmarked words have a wider distribution and more neutral usage compared to shādmānegi . The findings indicate that shādmānegi is characterized by: [+durability], [dependence on a memorable event], and [+renewable upon recollection]. However, its equivalents in the rewritten texts are neutral to these components. This discrepancy in semantic components between the original word and its intralingual translations appears to be a significant obstacle in conveying the original text's message in the rewritings of Kalilah va Demnah . The intralingual translation of such vocabulary with specific semantic components presents a challenge in accurately preserving the nuances of the original text.