جمله اسنادی با فعلِ «است» و معادل های کاربردیِ آن در عربی برمبنای نظریه کتفورد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این مطالعه با تأکید بر ضرورتی که نگاه کاربردی به ترجمه برای آموزش ترجمه دارد، می کوشد از محدوده انتزاعیِ مقابله های دستوری میان زبان های فارسی و عربی عبور کند و با رویکردی متن محور به ترجمه از فارسی به عربی بررسی کند که ساخت های جمله اسنادی با فعلِ «است» عملاً با چه ساخت هایی در زبان عربی معادل سازی می شوند تا در نهایت با تحلیل روابط میان ساخت های این نوع جمله فارسی و ساخت های معادلشان در عربی، شیوه هایی را که به طور کاربردی برای این معادل سازی وجود دارد، الگوبندی کند. پشتوانه نظریِ مطالعه، نظریه ای است که جی سی کتفورد از دیدگاه زبان شناسیِ کاربردی برای تحلیل ترجمه ارائه کرده و در ضمن آن با طرح دوگانه «تناظر صوری» و «تعادل متنی» روشی کاربردی برای تحلیل تعادل میان ساخت های دو زبان به دست داده است. مطالعه با روش تحلیلی-توصیفی با تمرکز بر کتاب «شعر امروز ایران» / «الشعر الحدیث فی إیران» (متن فارسی با ترجمه عربی) انجام شده و در نهایت به شش الگوی کاربردی در ترجمه ساخت های جمله اسنادی با فعلِ «است» به زبان عربی رسیده که عبارت اند از: 1- نمود دستوریِ اسناد در عربی متناظر با فعلِ «است» در فارسی، 2- نمود فعلیِ اسناد در عربی متناظر با فعلِ «است» در فارسی، 3- نمود فعلیِ اسناد در عربی متناظر با فعلِ «است» و عنصری دیگر از جمله فارسی، 4- گروه واژگانیِ عربی معادل با جمله اسنادی با فعلِ «است»، 5- اسلوب های کلیشه ای و تعبیرهای اصطلاحی در عربی معادل با جمله اسنادی با فعلِ «است» و 6- تغییر نحوه بیان در عربی در تعادل با جمله اسنادی با فعلِ «است».Linking Clause with the Verb “AST” and Its Applied Equivalents in Arabic Based on Catford’s Theory
With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” are equivalent with which structures in Arabic, having a text-based attitude toward translation from Persian into Arabic for patterning the applied methods for such an equivalence by analyzing relationships between structures of this kind of clause in Persian and its equivalent structures in Arabic. The theoretical support for this study is the theory proposed by J. C. Catford from the applied linguistics viewpoint that offers an applied method for analyzing the equivalence between structures of these two languages by bringing two concepts of “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence”. This study is conducted using an analytical-descriptive method, focusing on “Today’s Iranian Poetry” book (Persian text with Arabic translation) and it finally attains six applied patterns in translation of linking clause structures with the verb “AST” into Arabic, including: (1) The grammatical aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (2) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (3) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” and another element of the Persian clause; (4) The correspondent Arabic vocabulary group with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (5) The cliché styles and idiomatic interpretation in Arabic which is correspondent with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (6) Changing the expression method in Arabic in an equivalence with the linking clause with the verb “AST”. Keywords: Linking Clause; The Verb “AST”; Translation into Arabic; Formal Correspondence; Textual Equivalence; Catford. Introduction One of the most important areas that affects the written translation from Persian into Arabic is the comparative studies between the grammars of these two languages that shows the grammatical correspondences between their structures. But the applied attitude toward the translation shows that the textual equivalence is far beyond the grammatical correspondences of these two languages because a semantic structure from the language of origin may be equalize with various semantic structures in the language of destination. Therefore, the applied attitude toward translation education requires that references for education of translation from Persian into Arabic show that translators actually use what structures in Arabic language in order to equalize a Persian grammatical structure. This analysis methodology finds its theoretical support in J. C. Catford’s Translation Theory from the applied linguistics viewpoint that, setting forth the “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence” duality, argues that we shot go far beyond the formal correspondences between two languages and extract the applied patterns translation by examining actual equivalents from the texts of origin and translation in order to analyze the equivalence in translation. In this respect, the present study focuses on the linking clause with the verb “AST” as one of the most used clause structures in Persian language and tries to determine what applied structures exist to equalize this kinds of Persian clause in translation into Arabic. The study’s samples are taken from “Today’s Iranian Poetry” (2005), abilingual book, which is translated by MousaAswar and published by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. Thus, examining the said work, this study attempts two answer this question: Which applied patterns exist in Arabic for equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST”? The hypothesis of this study is that, beyond results obtained from the comparative grammars, the said equivalences have various applications that may be actually determined by referring to translations from Persian texts into Arabic. History of the Study Although the author has found no independent research in the area of this subject, some references for grammatical comparison between Arabic and Persian or references for translation education have implications to this subject. For example, for example, Tabiban in “Grammatical Equivalents in Arabic and Persian” (152: 2008) and Helmi in “Comparison between Arabic and Persian Grammars” (78: 1992) have analyzed the grammatical relationship between the linking clause in Persian and noun clause in Arabic. In some sources for translation education, it is set forth that the linking verb “AST” has no equivalent in Arabic; for example, Marouf in “Translation Technique” (236: 2007); Zarkoub in “New Methodology for Translation Technique” (106: 1999); Fatehinezhad&Farzaneh in Translation Methods” (30: 1998). But some authors have directly or indirectly implied that we may use a verb for translation of a linking clause with the verb “AST” into Arabic. For example, Asoudi in “Translation Technique and Applied Translation into Arabic” (39, 37: 2017); Asghari in “A New Approach Toward Translation from Arabic” (69: 2016) and Tahmasbinezhad&Naghizadeh in “Workshop for Translation into Arabic” (150: 2020). Research Methodology This study is conducted using analytical-descriptive methodology. Using this method, all linking clauses with the verb “AST” in the Persian text are extracted together with their equivalent in the Arabic translation and patterns ruling on relationships between samples are described and finally a set of applied patterns are explained for translating this type of Persian sentence into Arabic. Conclusion For equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST” in Arabic, there are six applied patters: Using Arabic clauses in which the links are obtained from grammatical relationship between subject and predicate without any verb in the sentence. Using Arabic clauses in which the link is attained through a verb and the verb simulates the relationship established by “AST” between the subject and predicate in the Persian sentence; Using Arabic clauses in which links are established through a verb and the verb is chosen from the Persian clause based on meaning of an element and at the same time the element and verb “AST” is used as a correspondent. Transforming the Persian linking clause from a sentence and diminishing it to an Arabic phrase which is used as a structure in another clause. Using prevalent cliché styles or idiomatic interpretations in Arabic that impose the specific grammatical structure to the Arabic clause with no correspondent grammatical relationships between their elements with the Persian linking clause’s elements. Expressing concept of the Persian linking clause in form of an Arabic clause which is its equivalent semantically but it is different in terms of method of expression and type of phrasing.