طراحی مدل کارآفرینی گردشگری در بحران های پاندمیک، مطالعه موردی: استان های آذربایجان شرقی و غربی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هرچند بحران ها در گردشگری اتفاقات معمولی هستند، بسیاری از مقاصد تحت تأثیر بحران های طبیعی و انسانی ساخته شده است، بااین حال هرگونه رخدادی که عملکرد طبیعی مقصد را تهدید و انجام کسب وکار مرتبط با گردشگری را مختل نماید و یا تهدیدی برای ایمنی گردشگران باشد، نیازمند واکنش مناسب و کنترل شرایط است. پژوهش حاضر باهدف طراحی الگوی کارآفرینی گردشگری در بحران های پاندمیک (موردمطالعه: کووید 19)، انجام شده است. تحقیق به صورت کیفی و با رویکرد داده بنیاد انجام شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق خبرگان دانشگاهی و مدیران و فعالان صنعت گردشگری در استان های آذربایجان شرقی و غربی می باشند که با استفاده از نمونه گیری هدف مند و نظری 18 نفر تا حد رسیدن به اشباع اطلاعاتی انتخاب شدند و جهت گردآوری داده ها از مصاحبه عمیق نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده گردید. پس از انجام مصاحبه ها و جمع آوری اطلاعات، کدهای به دست آمده در بخش های مختلف، با استفاده از رهیافت نظام مند اﺳﺘﺮاوس و کﻮرﺑیﻦ و ﻣﺪل ﭘﺎرادایمی، تجزیه وتحلیل شده و پس از انجام مراحل سه گانه کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی، مدل نهایی توسط پژوهشگر به دست آمده است. مدل نهایی از مجموع 66 مفهوم استخراج شده از مصاحبه ها، در قالب 14 طبقه و مقوله زمینه ای، شرایط علّی، شرایط مداخله گر، راهبردها و درنهایت، پیامدها و نتایج حاصل از کارآفرینی گردشگری در بحران های پاندمیک تشکیل شده است. هرکدام از این شرایط و عوامل تشکیل دهنده مدل دارای متغیرها و مقوله هایی هستند که در صورت اتخاذ راهبردهایی چون توسعه گردشگری مجازی، مدیریت بحران در صنعت گردشگری؛ توسعه گردشگری داخلی با تأکید بر رعایت پروتکل های بهداشتی و تمرکز بر توسعه زیرساخت های گردشگری، منجر به تحقق پیامدهایی چون حفظ و رونق کسب وکارهای گردشگری؛ تقویت صنعت گردشگری و خلق بازار جدید گردشگری برای دوران پساکرونا، می گردد.Design of Tourism Entrepreneurship Model in Pandemic Crises The Case Study of East and West Azerbaijan Provinces
Although crises are normal events in tourism, many destinations have been built under the influence of natural and human crises, however, any event that threatens the natural functioning of the destination and disrupts the conduct of business related to tourism, or is a threat to the safety of tourists, requires Appropriate reaction and control of the situation. The current research was conducted to design the model of tourism entrepreneurship in pandemic crises (case study: Covid-19). The research was done qualitatively and with the foundation's data approach. The statistical population of the research is university experts and managers and activists of the tourism industry in East and West Azerbaijan provinces, 18 people were selected using purposeful and theoretical sampling until reaching information saturation, and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect data. After conducting interviews and collecting information, the codes obtained in different sections were analyzed using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin and the paradigm model, and the final model was obtained by the researcher after three stages of open, central and selective coding. The final model consists of a total of 66 concepts extracted from the interviews, in the form of 14 categories and contextual categories, causal conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and finally, the consequences and results of tourism entrepreneurship in pandemic crises. Each of these conditions and factors that make up the model has variables and categories that, if strategies such as virtual tourism development, and crisis management in the tourism industry are adopted; The development of domestic tourism by emphasizing compliance with health protocols and focusing on the development of tourism infrastructure, leads to the realization of consequences such as the preservation and prosperity of tourism businesses; Strengthening the tourism industry and creating a new tourism market for the post-corona era.Extended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last half-century, tourism as an economic and social activity has grown and developed significantly and is considered a complex and expanding activity and an effective medicine to improve conditions’ living, employment, and culture. According to many experts, tourism is a part of a country's economy that is primarily related to entrepreneurial activities; because tourism is an industry that improves people's lives by creating foreign exchange income, creating jobs, and balanced income distribution at the regional and local level. In other words, this industry has much potential to create many small businesses and can help develop employment. At the beginning of 2020, while the tourism industry was trying to analyze and plan proposals based on traveler behavior worldwide, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus (Covid-19) a pandemic. The virus first started in Wuhan, China, but quickly spread to other parts of the world due to limited testing capacity in some countries. Due to tourist attractions, Iran has not been spared from this damage, and an important part of the domestic and foreign tourism industry has suffered. Therefore, in the present study, the researcher intends to adopt an entrepreneurial approach to the presentation of the tourism entrepreneurship model in pandemic crises (Covid 19) and answer the main questions as following: 1) What is the tourism entrepreneurship model in pandemic crises (Case study: Covid-19)?2) What factors influence the formation of this model? MethodologyThe present study is part of qualitative and fundamental researches in terms of method and purpose, respectively. The data foundation theory method has been used to extract the theory.In order to collect data in the present study, in-depth semi-structured interviews have been used. The statistical population of the study is academic experts and managers and activists of the tourism industry in West and East Azerbaijan who were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling. After conducting 14 semi-structured interviews, the data analysis reached theoretical saturation in the present study, but we continued until interview 18 to ensure and obtain valid data. Results and discussionAfter conducting interviews and collecting information, the obtained codes in different sections were analyzed using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin. After performing the three open, axial, and selective coding steps, the researcher obtained the final model. The final model consists of 66 concepts extracted from the interviews, in the form of 14 categories and contextual categories, causal conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies, and finally, the consequences and results of tourism entrepreneurship in pandemic crises. Causal conditions: These factors indicate the reasons for the occurrence of the phenomenon under study. The main category in this research is the design of the tourism business model with an entrepreneurial approach in crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic, and this central category has emerged under a series of causal conditions. Four categories of demand reduction for services, tourism products due to the outbreak of the disease, the need to adhere to health protocols caused by the epidemic, reduced people's purchasing power, and environmental and legal constraints were identified as causal factors in the proposed model. Contextual conditions: These factors include the contexts affecting the formation of tourism with an entrepreneurial approach. In this study, three categories of basic infrastructure for the development of tourism services, the culture and public determination of the community in preventing the corona and the integration of the tourism industry supply chain, and the potential and resilience of businesses in the industry were classified according to contextual conditions. Intervening conditions: These conditions refer to those factors that indirectly affect the development of tourism with an entrepreneurial approach in pandemic crises (Covid-19). In this study, two factors of epidemic severity and investment risk during the disease outbreak were identified in the category of intervening factors. Strategies: Include reactions and interactions to deal with the central category (phenomenon). In this study, there are three strategies categories of using and developing IT-based tools for smart travel, crisis management in the tourism industry, and promoting domestic travel according to health protocols to boost domestic tourism. ConclusionBased on the findings of this study, the correct implementation of the proposed strategies leads to the realization of three main consequences of maintaining and prosperity of tourism businesses, strengthening the tourism industry, and creating a new tourism market for the post-corona era.Despite the post-Corona pandemic constraints, there are unprecedented opportunities for re-use of the tourism industry. Unrepeatable opportunities for redevelopment, in accordance with the principles of sustainability that eliminate dark aspects. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
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