Mediation model

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of executive functioning in the relationship between parental involvement and math achievement among children with learning disabilities. A descriptive correlational research design was employed, involving 379 Malaysian parents of children aged 9 to 12 years diagnosed with learning disabilities. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling based on the Morgan and Krejcie (1970) sample size determination table. Data were collected using three validated instruments: the Parent and School Survey (PASS) to assess parental involvement, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) to measure children's executive functioning, and the Math Composite of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Third Edition (WIAT-III) for math achievement. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS version 21 to test the hypothesized mediation model and assess the model fit. Pearson correlation results indicated significant positive relationships among all variables: parental involvement and executive functioning (r = .41, p < .001), parental involvement and math achievement (r = .36, p < .001), and executive functioning and math achievement (r = .48, p < .001). The SEM revealed an acceptable model fit (χ²/df = 1.84, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.045), and confirmed that executive functioning significantly mediated the effect of parental involvement on math achievement. Both the direct effect (β = 0.26, p < .01) and the indirect effect through executive functioning (β = 0.18, p < .001) were statistically significant. The findings underscore the importance of executive functioning as a cognitive mechanism through which parental involvement enhances mathematical performance in children with learning disabilities. Educational interventions should integrate strategies to strengthen both parental engagement and children’s executive functioning skills to optimize academic outcomes.