Medicine

This study aims to investigate the factors influencing value chain (VC) in pharmaceutical industry, as a very important sector in Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical in term of method. The required data have been collected from the experts of a public joint stock company. Conducting the research, first the literature of VC is reviewed to identify the initial factors affecting on VC of pharmaceutical companies. In this Phase, 34 factors were identified in 8 categories including; institutional, industry, political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. In the next step, a primal evaluation of the initial factors by 14 experts of the research, resulted to the 20 more important factors which were used in the modelling process. Due to the need for fuzzy logic regarding subjective judgments in cause-effect relationships between factors, the fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) method in FCM expert software is used to visualize the relationships among these factors. The results show that technological capabilities, government policies, company resilience, financial strength, medicine price, sustainable waste management, cost of raw materials, production technology, cost of energy, R&D, operational efficiency, recycling capabilities, transportation cost, VC governance (coordination/ partnerships/ integration), consumer behavior and social (market) trends, environmental concerns about waste disposal internet of things (IoT) and connected devices, non-value-adding activities, import limitations and skilled human resources, respectively are the most influencing factors on pharmaceutical VC.

The present research studied the disciplinary use of cohesive devices across academic writing, comparing Native English Writers (NEW) with Arab Writers of English (AEW). It centers around the research articles in the fields of Medicine and Education. The researchers adopted corpus-based analysis, presented by Halliday and Hasan's framework, 1976, in the exploration of cohesive device types—grammar and lexical ones—while considering frequencies along with discourse contexts. The results indicated significant disciplinary differences in cohesive strategies use among the NEW, i.e. additive conjunctions, which appear in the educational writing and facilitate argument development and logical flow between ideas (e.g., and, further); the collocations in medical writing reflect the exactitude of the subject and clarity to be expected in any sort of scientific discourse, no less with causal conjunctions. AEW also exhibited discipline-specific patterns, but their cohesive strategies are colored by the Arabic rhetorical traditions. AEW in education relied heavily on repetition to achieve thematic unity, which sometimes results in redundancy by the norms of English academic writing. AEW in medicine make more use of additive and causal conjunctions to achieve logical relations, although overuse sometimes led to long, unwieldy sentences. These findings have significant pedagogical implications for EAP instruction. They call for training in cohesive strategies specific to disciplines, especially for learners from an Arab background, as this helps learners adjust their writing practices in ways that will meet expectations in the English academic conventions while managing cultural influences.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that enhances various aspects of human life, significantly impacting fields such as healthcare, industry, transportation, agriculture, education, and commercial applications. In particular, IoT's role in smart healthcare systems has attracted considerable research attention due to its potential to improve patient monitoring, optimize treatments, and reduce costs. Therefore, a systematic assessment of the scientific output in this domain is essential for understanding current trends and future directions. Bibliometric approaches can describe, explain, and predict the scientific contributions of researchers, institutions, journals, and countries on an international scale while identifying emerging research areas. This analysis quantifies scientific output and evaluates its impact through concepts such as co-occurrence networks, collaboration networks, and co-citation networks, revealing trends within specific fields. Given the increasing significance of IoT in healthcare, this study examines trends in IoT applications in medicine using a bibliometric approach. The research analyzes 7,205 articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database, covering the period from 2013 to August 2024. Data visualization was conducted using VOSviewer software. The findings indicate a likely future focus on integrating automated disease detection methods with IoT technologies. China, India, and the United States lead in scientific output, with Asian countries demonstrating a strong interest in healthcare applications. Additionally, security and privacy concerns remain significant challenges in the field.