Angiogenesis

Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyse various articles on the effect of various types of exercise on the angiopoietins family and angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs). Methods: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched from 2000 to September 2020. After screening the articles, 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria were studied and analysed. Results: In our body, four types of angiopoietin and eight types of angiopoietin-like proteins have been identified, the functional method of some of them which are still not entirely understood. Angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 are essential regulators of vascular formation and maintenance. Angiopoietin-1 is found in perivascular and vascular cells within and around smooth muscle cells and plays an important role in growth, vascular stability, and pathological angiogenesis. On the other hand, angiopoietin-2 and angiopoietin-3 are mainly involved in inducing vascular regression, cell death, and inflammation. Angiopoietin-4, like angiopoietin-1, is responsible for the maturation, stabilization, and stasis of blood vessels. Conclusion: Studies show that exercise has a significant effect on increasing capillary density in the human body by increasing angiopoietin as one of the angiogenesis factors. In addition, there are many other benefits such as contribution to fat burning and treatment of coronary artery disease, cancer, asthma, and ischemia. More research is needed on the effects of different types of exercise training on angiopoietins.

Background : There are conflicting findings regarding the effect of various training modalities on the cardiovascular disease mechanisms induced by undesirable modifications in extracellular matrix (ECM) factors such as MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different training protocols on the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 gene expression in the myocardium of Wistar male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight adult Wistar male rats (aged: 8 weeks) were randomly allocated into two control (Con8w/base, n=8; and Con16w/end control, n=8) and four training groups (MICT, n=8; PICT, n=8; HIIT, n=8; and MIST, n=8). The training protocols consisted of 8 weeks (5 days/week) of Moderate-Intensity, Continuous Training (MICT: 37 min running with 65% vVO 2 max), Moderate-Intensity, Swimming Training (MIST: 30 min free-swimming), Progressive-Intensity, Continuous Training (PICT: 28 min running with a progressive increase in the incline of the treadmill by 2% per week), and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT: four running bouts 4 min with 90 to 100% vVO 2 max + 3 min with 50-65% vVO 2 max). Myocardial samples were isolated 24 hours after the last training session. Gene expression was determined using the real-time PCR method. All data (M±SD) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests at α ≤0.05. Results : There were significant differences between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression in the animals myocardium after different exercise training protocols ( P <0.01). The lowest and highest MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were in the HIIT and MICT protocols, respectively. Conclusion: According to our findings, the HIIT protocol may play a more influential role in enhancing myocardial ECM-remodeling and fibrosis indicators during lifespan than the other exercise protocols.