Sports events

The present study aimed to propose a revenue model for hosting the sports events in Iran. 220 university professors, sports experts, staffs of sports federations, and management agents of international sporting events participated in this study. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used for data collection. Factor analysis was conducted to verify the structure validity. SPSS 22 and PLS software were applied for data analysis. Based on the findings, 12 factors were found to be significant in the monetizing from hosting the sporting events. Sponsors, human resources, politics, governmental institutions, law, sport fields, scientific, security, government support, media, Facility development, and fans were the most important factors for revenue generation in hosting sports events. Managers, organizations, and the organizers of sporting events can use appropriate strategies in the fields of media, sponsors, security of the country, investment, fans, governmental institutions, development of sporting facilities and places, and policy by utilizing the results and model provided in the present study in order to generate money from sporting events.

This research aimed to provide a model for improving the interactions of spectators of sports events using virtual and augmented reality technologies. The study population included technology experts, management experts, and sports specialists. Purposeful sampling and snowball sampling techniques were used to conduct 15 in-depth interviews, and data were analyzed using the Geo-analysis method. The analysis revealed 97 initial codes, 21 themes, and three dimensions of conditions, solutions, and consequences for improving spectators' experience. The conditions included hardware and software advances, popularity of games and entertainment programs, strong broadband networks, investment from federations and organizations, durability and battery limitations, and resistance from traditional spectators. To address these conditions, experts proposed developing and improving virtual and augmented reality hardware, encouraging spectators, using novel modeling and simulation techniques, producing quality content, and educating spectators.  The consequences of utilizing these technologies were increasing spectator engagement and interaction, improving the quality of experience, generating more revenue for organizers, attracting more spectators, enhancing satisfaction, and fostering a sense of presence among fans and athletes. The study demonstrates that purposeful implementation of virtual and augmented reality technologies can enhance the spectating experience, increasing enjoyment and satisfaction.