Stadium

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, government officials seek ways to monitor, control, and manage events and crises due to the concerns of the general public and social media as informative tools. Regarding this, the present study aims to identify and analyze the factors affecting the crisis incidence in Iranian stadiums. METHODS: The present interpretive qualitative research was performed based on a grounded theory method and latent content analysis technique. The data were collected by the implementation of in-depth interviews with 19 people consisting of the Ministry of Sports and Youth experts and executives, sports management professors, and crisis management specialists. The participants were selected using non-probability and snowball sampling techniques. The interviews were continued until reaching theoretical saturation regarding the research questions and objectives. The gathered data, in form of audio recording and text, were analyzed by MAXQDA software (version 18). FINDINGS: The interview data were analyzed based on open and process coding. Afterward, the researcher categorized the identified factors into causal, contextual, and intervening conditions. In this regard, the causal factors consisted of the following items: 1) nature of crisis, 2) technical and specialized factors, 3) infrastructure and equipment, and 4) environmental and equipment hazards. With respect to the contextual factors, they included: 1) human resources, 2) nature of sporting events, 3) security factors, 4) vandalism, 5) welfare facilities, and 5) management factors. Finally, the intervening factors were found to entail: 1) stadium atmosphere, 2) political and social crises, and 3) information and communications technology. CONCLUSION: According to the obtained results, the officials are recommended to consider the paradigmatic model of factors leading to crisis management in stadiums in the crisis management programs adopted for sports venues, especially large stadiums. The consideration of the factors constituting the given model can lead to the improvement of crisis management in the country's sports venues.

Football stadiums are the main infrastructures of this popular sport in the society. The purpose of this study is to provide a Pattern for cultural promotion in football fans in stadiums in Iran, which was done by qualitative research method and using grounded theory approach. Through snowball sampling and by conducting 21 semi-structured interviews with university professors and experts in football and culture theoretical saturation was achieved. The results of data analysis in 3 stages of open-coding, axial-coding and selective coding indicate 28 categories that these findings are within the framework of the final model including: Hooliganism, behavioral factors, media, managerial challenges, infrastructural factors and Juridical and legal as causal factors; the nature of football, advocacy and government actions and policy making as context factors; Celebrities, social contexts, economic conditions, Trends and interest, cultural and social and technology as an intervener; manpower, education and training, media, cyberspace, structural strategies and Infrastructural strategies as appropriate ways to promote the level of culture in football fans in stadiums as strategies. According to the proposed pattern, promoting the cultural level of the spectators, marketing development, Exercise promotion, financial development, social progress, the growth of moral security and growth of behavioral security in Iran can be mentioned as positive consequences of promoting cultural levels in football fan in stadiums.

The overall purpose of this study was to perform a descriptive research on fear of crime, its related individual factors and sports environments, as well as the occurrence of inappropriate behavior by fans at stadiums . The research tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire that was found to be valid and reliable. 315 football fans completed the questionnaires at Fooladshahr Stadium in Isfahan, Iran in the second half of 2019. The results showed that the variables of age, level of education and marital status had a significant relationship with fear of crime. Among the teens, 13 to 17 years old, fear of crime was less than the youth while among the youth, it was more considerable than adults. Other individual variables (ethnicity, parents' income and family cultural environment) did not have a significant relationship with fear of crime. Variables related to sports environments, group of friends, rudeness at stadiums, the quality of sports environments, extreme attachment to a team, and crime perception in sports environments are also significantly related to fear of crime .  This study emphasizes the need for special attention of sports and security officials to the strict implementation of laws, as well as updating the laws in line with developments and training of fans behavior at stadiums.