Contextualism

Communitarianism is considered as one of the most pivotal schools of thought in contemporary normative political theories. In fact, it is a label for a group of people who share common characteristics such as critiques on liberalism, and some concepts like “community”, “tradition” and “self”. Since most communitarians belong to the analytical philosophy, which focus on language and logic, they could not be regarded as contextualists. On the other hand, their analysis is related to “tradition”, “here and now”, and “particularism” which denotes the importance of historical, political and sociological situation. It seems that not only the enrichment of morality and human rights in communitarianism is possible, but also it implies somehow relationship with context, cultural diversity and relativism. It seems that communitarianism needs a “third way” between text and context.

In this essay I present a new and empirically-testable strategy for completing quantum mechanics. In recent decades, urban design and architecture disciplines witnessed plenty of theories and school development. Primarily, those disciplines are inspired by philosophical perspectives. Thus, it is required to have a good deal of perception on the philosophical roots. Contextualism theory and approach is considered one of the most important controversial approaches in urban design and architecture. The present study intends to elaborate contextualism and explicate its difference with other similar philosophical ideas. Subsequently, it tends to explain the epistemological and philosophical foundations of contextualism in postmodernism and Gestalt school and subsequently to elucidate its position in the postmodern art and specifically in postmodern urban design and architecture. Contextualism is an idea based on the epistemology that the meaning perceived from an epistemological sentence would differ according to the epistemological standards. The idea has three distinct uses in philosophical views, primarily, the truth condition of the sentences is come to be assessed; in the second use, the language meaning is dependent on the context. The paper indicates the first and second uses of contextualism are mostly seen in urban design and architecture contextualism theory.

Introduction: Abortion is related to local ethics and is one of the situations in which all conditions and cases should be taken into account. In this article, by examining John Dewey's opinions about Kant's contextualism and deontology, the issue of conflicts and moral duties in abortion was investigated. Material and Methods: The research method is the logical analysis of the opinions of these two thinkers. Conclusion: It seems that based on Kant's duty approach, it is not possible to provide a general rule for abortion, and this depends entirely on whether we accept the fetus as a person whose criterion is reasoning, feeling and receiving experience or not. But according to the analysis that Dewey's contextualism claims, if a general rule can be used to make the right decision for a person that results in the most virtue and action, then the general rule is also one of the conditions and environment that the person has in the issue (abortion) deals with it and makes a moral decision based on them. From Dewey's point of view, if our non-abortion is a valid reason that can be followed and we are born, we should not end any pregnancy. That is, if the fetus produces the truth that can be followed by surviving, then abortion is immoral. Therefore, in general, the duties towards the mother and the fetus are different in terms and contexts, but the duties that man has towards himself and the principle of humanity give him general principles for action Article number: 4