Iran Culture

Business is not easy with one country. It requires understanding the style of business negotiation with that country, and the negotiation process is the most critical factor in predicting success or failure in business negotiations. Therefore, negotiating across cultures requires comprehension of the differences. Due to Iran's position in a strategic region of the world, which is in the Middle East, it has the potential to expand trade with other countries. In the current research, the success and failure factors in international business negotiations is classified using Friedman test. This study consists of two sections: qualitative and quantitative that calls a mixed approach. The output of the qualitative section was the design of the research questionnaire, and in the quantitative section, the research findings illustrated that among the 39 success factors, the importance of good personal relationships, the Iranians' need for products, the merchant's knowledge of Iranian business practices, and the among the 31 failure factors, the lack of Iranian budgets, the unwillingness of Iranians to demand Good financial and communication failure are the most important factors identified in the success/failure of negotiating with the Iranians. Due to the findings of this study and the cultural characteristics of Iranians, items have been suggested for the proper management of these factors while negotiating with Iranians.

As a symbol of the Islamic spiritual economy, Waqf has been always present and alive in all aspects of the Islamic countries, and it has attracted the attentions of many researchers of different fields due to its multidimensional functional. Based on their desire for eternity, they defined Waqf in terms of a proverb saying “I benefit from whatever I endow”. In several tourists’ travelogues such as travelogues by Nasir Khusraw, Jean Chardin, etc. has mentioned this spiritual tradition as a humanistic economy showing the effects of Waqf on perceiving the tourist destination. Since the modern generation of tourists look for new experiences, thus obtaining a rich content of this spiritual heritage can satisfy them and help the promotion of humanistic models of economy such as Waqf . In terms of its objective, this is a practical research, and it is descriptive-analytical based on its data collection method. The results are obtained in meta-synthesis of documents, articles and travelogues relation to the Waqf tradition. Indeed, the main objective of this article is to provide the mentioned introduction, promotion and reinforcement to understand the different aspects of Waqf tradition based on the travelogues in order to reinforce the perceived value by the tourists of Iranian cities so that the modeling of these concepts leads to the promotion of this spiritual economy model among the other cultures. The results show that considering the perceivable aspects of Waqf , this intangible heritage can be introduced to the tourists in terms of four main aspects including the emotional, cognitive, functional and social aspects and to promote this spiritual heritage based on the religious background of tourists at the international level with regard to the environmental-humanistic aspects of economy; as in Iranian culture, it is believed that “give bread to everyone who enters this house and don’t ask his faith, because the one who deserves a life for god, deserves a bread for us”.