rural migration

Purpose- Informal settlement is largely rooted in migration, particularly influenced by parameters such as poverty, lack of expertise and specialization, type of occupation, cultural conflict, illiteracy, ethnic and cultural identity. Most of the residents of these areas are forced to live in ghettos and slums due to factors such as lack of access to jobs in the city coupled with poverty and lack of specialization. Heterogeneous and dispersed constructions without observance of technical principles and urban planning with narrow, meandering alleys, running sewage in the alleys and unsavory sanitary condition are among the adverse consequences of informal settlement. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the key factors affecting rural migration with emphasis on the issue of informal settlement in Shirabad neighborhood of Zahedan. Design/methodology/approach- The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection was conducted by a survey. In the first step of the research, a list of primary factors involved in the spread of migration to informal settlements was identified as research variables using existing documents and previous researches. The variables were analyzed based on two local communities (all heads of households in Shirabad neighborhood) and expert questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software as well as cross-impact analysis model in MicMac software were used for the analysis of data. Findings- The results suggested that four key factors of drought and lack of water resources, reduced productivity and devaluation of the agricultural sector, inappropriate infrastructure in rural areas and wage gap between rural and urban areas play a key role in shaping rural migration and intensifying informal settlement.

Banberz, Banbor, and Sabziabad neighborhoods are three residential districts on the periphery of Ilam city, and are facing a lot of problems namely social, economic, and physical, particularly in housing sector including low quality, poor housing, limited-quantity housing. In order to assess the sustainability of housing, 75 indicators and to rank districts, SPSS software (exploratory factor analysis) is used. On the basis of economic, social, educational, health, and environmental services and culture three districts (Banbarz, Banboor, Sabziabad) were selected as marginal neighborhood. Most houses, have been built away from without permission and building permits and engineering control in small scale measures. According to statistical models; most of household economic statuses are below the poverty line. According to the findings of the questionnaire, fabric and physical feature, type of building, materials applied, quality of building and density of residential units of most units out of any control and without engineering standards in small-scale piece of land, were built without a permit and building permit. Given the statistical models, the economic status of households indicate that more than 70 percent of them live below the poverty line.